Ventral tegmental area

pathway that is that called the Lateral Hypothalamus Ventral Tegmental Area (LH-VTA) loop (Nieh et al., 2015). Previous research discovered this signaling pathway was responsible for drug and sex addiction but food addiction was not identified until the Nieh et al. 2015 scientist published their monumental findings in Cell. The lateral hypothalamus controls the feeling of hunger or appetite through increasing ghrelin hormone while the ventral tegmental area most commonly known as the brain reward center

In MRI studies, it has been seen that the same pathways are being lit for love and cocaine use. Both love and cocaine effect the reward pathway. Although both reach all areas of the brain the euphoric effects are mediated to a few specific areas such as the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (NIH, 2016).

1989; Berridge and Waterhouse 2003; Aston-Jones and Cohen 2005; Aragona et al. 2008; Weinshenker and Schroeder 2007; Owesson-White et al. 2008). The primary source of NE in the brain, the locus coeruleus (LC), sends projections to both the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which terminates in the vicinity of DA cell bodies (Jones and Moore 1977; Mejias-Aponte et al. 2009; Simon et al. 1979; Weinshenker and Schroeder 2007). These noradrenergic afferents make synaptic contact with VTA-DA neurons, which

My Favorite Exercise Devon Atkinson Neuroscience Fall 2014 The exercise I have chosen to explore is playing volleyball, something I did a lot of in high school. In order to fully break down exactly what is going on in the brain when playing the game, each aspect would need to be broken down and analyzed. In this paper I will be analyzing receiving (from the opponent or teammate) and passing the ball (to the opponent or teammate), In each of these actions, there is a certain amount of planning and

is known for its addictive properties (Letchworth et al., 2001). Therapeutic and medicinal techniques utilized to relieve drug effects and drug seeking behavior have become increasingly popular in the scientific community. In general the affected areas during or after cocaine use have been identified subsequently providing research into the physiological aspects of cocaine use. Research to determine drug-seeking and relapse is imperative due to the prevalence of cocaine use and the rehabilitative

it clogs up dopamine receptors. Consequently, dopamine will bond and overstimulate the receptors of nearby cells. Cocaine affects many parts of the brain such as the hippocampus, amygdala, the frontal lobe, the nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area. As a result, the user remembers the pleasures brought by cocaine. Affected nucleus accumbens cause the user to want to repeat that sensation again. Additionally, one of the frontal lobe’s purpose is to rejects activities that have too many

Addiction is the term for a range of dependencies that have an impact on a person's physical and mental health. It is characterized by compulsive use of substances or activities in the face of negative outcomes. It weaves intricate connections between pleasure, desire, and the brain's neurophysiological functions, frequently influencing and molding human behavior. By delving into Winston Smith's connection with Victory Gin, the protagonist humanizes the complexities of addiction in 1984, showcasing

play s number of roles inside brain and helps regulate certain things in the body. Inside brain ,dopamine plays important roles in motor cortex , motivation , conditioning and reward .Dopamine is produced in the limbic system particularly in ventral tegmental area and substantial nigra .Dopamine itself is also found in some food but since it can not penetrate to blood brain barrier we can not use it in regulatory function . Dopamine depending on where is it and what part of the brain is it in can function

(Thompson et al, 2017), while the dorsal lateral striatum (DLS) is necessary for habitual actions. The OFC modulate medial striatum through direct projections and indirectly through connexions with striatal projecting cortical areas, basolateral amygdala and ventral tegmental/substantia nigra. Through lesions of the lateral OFC, which did not affect neighbouring cortices, it has been discovered that mice do not reduce lever pressing following outcome revaluation. Conversely, Sham mice, which are mice

until more cocaine is provided. As withdrawal sets in, users feel anxious, agitated, fatigued, and a lack of pleasure because their reward system has been changed. This change occurs because cocaine has targeted impact on the reward areas of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the Nucleus Abduces