Vertebrate

Vertebrates are chordates, from the subphylum Vertebrata, are continually evolving. Sometimes evolution and adaptation are easily confused with each other. Evolution is changes in traits of a whole population. Overtime populations, not individual organisms, evolve. Survival is important to all vertebrates and adaptation helps vertebrates survive. Adaptation is a structural difference to make it better for a species to live in and to improve the species’ survival and reproductive rates. Adaptation

from the earliest vertebrate by sharing similar structures of the hands and fins. The development of teeth that diversified into features that showed up from the skin, and down to the instruction that made us who we are. The similar bone structures and genetic made up are just modification that we have and they are modification of what

Abstract:      The early tetrapods were the first vertebrates to actually walk the solid earth. They began their conquest of land in the Paleozoic era around 360 million years ago. The question many paleontologists have been asking for a long period of time is whether the anatomy for locomotion on land was developed in water for swimming purposes, or if it was adapted after the creatures became terrestrial. Recent findings of fossils indicate that the transformations of

Mesozoic vertebrates of Texas have received less attention than Paleozoic. In the early 1900s E. C. Case collected and reported amphibians and reptiles found in Triassic sediments along the eastern edge of the High Plains, and Sankar Chatterjee of Texas Tech University has also made important discoveries there. Notable are skeletons of phytosaurs. These aquatic reptiles, up to thirty feet in length, had elongated snouts armed with thick, sharply pointed teeth. Their habits were probably much like

these features will work exactly the same. Humans and fish are related in the lineage of chordate because human shared homologous features to fish. Homologous features shared by human and fish enlighten the evolutionary pathway from the earliest vertebrate by sharing similar structures of the hands and fins, the development of teeth that diversified into features that showed up from the

Parental care: Parental care means caring for the young ones for their protection and survival. The best example of parental care is seen in human beings where parents look after the young ones with love, care and affection. In other groups of vertebrates as well, parental care can be seen, not to the very high extend but they do adapt some measures in order to protect the young ones. In fishes also parental care can be noticed, not to the very high extent but some precautions to defend the young

lungfish, coelacanths, and bony fish. Over the course of time, vertebrates made evolutionary strides with provided them with the ability to travel on land. Coelacanths developed a single boned shoulder girdle, lungfish developed paired fins, and sauripterus developed the major structures on the arm (humerus, radius, and ulna). As these developments progressed and environmental pressures were amounting in aquatic environments, vertebrates began to venture onto land. Sometimes it was for short excursions

1.1 Introduction The vertebrate kidney is an important organ that serves vital roles in waste excretion, osmoregulation, metabolites reabsorption, maintenance of acid-base balance and even hormone secretion. Nephron is the basic functional unit of a kidney which consists of a blood filter (the glomerulus) and renal tubules that joins to a collecting duct. Nephron filters blood plasma and the filtrate is further modified and refined in the tubules via selective solute reabsorption and secretion.

Just last year, some researchers stated that the extinct aquatic animal, the ‘Tully Monster’ was a vertebrate, possibly a relative of today’s lampreys. Like a mismatched puzzle, the Tully monster lacks some vertebrate pieces and has others that are the wrong shape, researchers and colleagues report in the March issue of Palaeontology. (Palaeontology includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environment, their paleoecology). ‘Tullimonstrum

Animal Testing is when people use animals in experiments, to test their reaction to what is being tested. The range of animals used in testing is from tens of millions to more than a hundred million used annually. There has been much debate about this topic, because, animals are the most reliable sources to use, especially mice, because we share 95% of our genes with them, which makes them the most common animals to use. Although, many people think animal testing is crude and inaccurate science,