Zygomatic bone

hearing and equilibrium. The skull consists of twenty-two bones which are broken down into two set of bones which are the cranial and facial bones. The cranial or cranium bone are bones protect the brain and is an attachment site for the head and neck muscles. The cranial bones consist of eight bones which are one ethmoid bone, one frontal bone, one occipital bone, two parietal bones, one sphenoid bone, and two temporal bones. The facial bone is a bone that forms the structure of the face, has special sense

Orbital fractures are a semi-common trauma where the eye bones are dislocated from high impact. The composition of the orbital socket consist of seven flat bones and four bony margins: the roof,floor, medial wall and the lateral wall. Orbital fractures can include one or more of the eye bones or margins depending on the severity of the fracture. The most common fracture is an isolated fracture where only one margin of the eye is dislocated. Isolated fractures are most common in the orbital floor

ophthalmic and lacrimal duct injury, malocclusion or mal-union of the maxilla, and injury to stenson’s duct. A reciprocating saw is generally utilized to perform the osteotomy with sufficient cooling methods to reduce heat damage to the underlying bone. Overheating puts bony structures at risk of osteonecrosis. Separation of the nasal septum is crucial and care should be taken to avoid the nasotracheal tube on the side of nasal intubation. Sectioning the tube would compromise the patient’s airway

many diseases caused by poor nutrition. One disease young children are at risk for is rickets. Rickets is caused by a vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus deficiency. Rickets is the softening and weakening of the bones in children. Skeletal deformities and fractures can occur because the bones are so soft and weak. Rickets is seen during periods of rapid growth because during growth a great deal of vitamin D, phosphorus, and calcium are needed. “The predominant cause is a

not enough bone suitable for placement of the dental implants. In these situations patients are

that is used to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption .it works by attaching to hydroxyapatite binding sites to impair the ability of the osteoclasts to produce the protons necessary for continued bone resorption. It also inhibit osteoclast activity by promoting osteoclast apoptosis. (pubmed ) Patient group who are mostly taking this medication are postmenopausal women. As women reaches their menopausal age, oestrogen starts to deplete which causes their bones to

muscular system. At the cellular level, bone provides a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines, maintains the acid-base balance and mineral homeostasis, and is the site of hematopoeisis. Like other connective tissue, bone has both a cellular and an extracellular matrix component. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and noncollagenous proteins, with type I collagen accounting for ~90% of total protein, and the noncollagenous osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein, and others making up

Bone formation and bone break down is a very important maintenance of the human body. After tooth eruption teeth move and need new bone to form constantly. Due to the wear of enamel on the interproximal and occlusal surfaces teeth are constantly moving in the mouth. For that reason, Osteoclasts are activated and they begin to breakdown old bone. On the opposite side of the tooth osteoblasts lay down new bone. With age however bone begins to change. When a person is young they have healthy, dense

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by low bone mass along with continuous loss of bone tissue with increased fracture risk. The pathology is multi-factorial and there are several modifiable and non-modifiabale factors that contribute to the development of this disease. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease illustrated by a decrease in bone mass and bone tissue, causing a decrease in bone and a subsequent increase

fracture because of (A) the loss of spongy bone in the epiphyses and (B) the thinning of the bony collar in the diaphysis. 6. Describe the changes that a broken bone undergoes as it is healing. The bony collar of long bones helps them withstand compressive stress by the mechanism described in #4A above (i.e. hydroxyapatite, weight-bearing pillars). In addition, long bones also withstand compressive forces by virtue of the spongy ("cancellous") bone in the epiphyses. The interlocking network