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1 Theories of Development from Prenatal to Pre-k Alicia Baldwin Grand Canyon University PSY355 Stone August 20, 2023

2 Theories in Child Development Human development is a unique but challenging subject of research that aims to understand how humans grow and develop throughout their lives. It includes mental, physical, and social development, alongside several other elements. This multidisciplinary area of research uses various theoretical perspectives from sociological, psychological, biological, and other disciplines to give a better understanding of the intricate nature of how human beings develop from conception throughout the first year. From conception to birth, researchers in the field aim to learn the mental development of prenatal and postnatal infants. The study of newborn development from conception throughout pregnancy, alongside various elements that may potentially impact both immediate and future health, is known as prenatal developmental psychology. (Santrock, 2022) Major Theories and Contributing Theorists Numerous theories and thinkers have evolved throughout history, each contributing to our understanding of human development. These prominent ideas have affected the way we see and analyze human growth, from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory to Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory. The concepts they propose explain the many stages of development such as fine and gross motor skill development, language acquisition, and how contributions of society influence development. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory One of the oldest yet most important contributions to the study of human development is Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Freud highlighted the significance of early experiences and unconscious urges in developing a person's identity. He suggested that growth happens in stages, with distinct sources of reward and conflict defining each stage. Our knowledge of

3 personality formation and the impact of early events on later life has been significantly impacted by Freud's thesis. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Erikson's theory places a strong emphasis on the value of trust as opposed to distrust, beginning with infancy. The psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson has had a significant influence on how we perceive human growth. It draws attention to the intricate interplay between social interactions, cultural influences, and personal development. People experience a variety of psychological crises as they go between childhood and adolescence, including autonomy, gender, identity, and role confusion. These phases feature significant turning points including learning new skills, being independent, and coming into one's own. He held the belief that people are molded not just by their biological makeup but also by the relationships in the social and cultural environments in which they are raised. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory According to Piaget, cognitive growth happens via a series of stages, the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage, each distinguished by specific milestones. Piaget described how people first start to perceive things and learn to utilize and perfect motor abilities in the sensorimotor stage all the way up to how they gain the capacity to problem-solve through critical thinking, take moral difficulties into consideration, and engage in abstract thought in the formal operational stage. Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory The sociocultural theory developed by educational theorist and psychologist Lev Vygotsky significantly improved how the world understood human development. Vygotsky's theories place a strong emphasis on how social interactions and cultural factors may affect

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4 cognitive development. The interactions between infants and parents, siblings, and those around them, have a significant impact on their learning and development. He believed that babies learn how to behave by observing how others behave and young children retain new information, abilities, and cultural values that foster their cognitive development by learning from their peers and numerous environmental factors. Connecting Research Method to Each Theorist Case studies would be the better fitting approach to research both Freud’s and Erickson’s theories of development. A case study is an extensive analysis of one individual, family, or event. Case studies are employed in psychoanalytic theory to study phenomena that are frequently impossible to duplicate in a lab. One of a case study's biggest benefits is that it enables researchers to gather a lot of data. On the other hand, a case study may be concluded as not having empirical evidence due to the inconsistency in reproducing exact conditions. Cross- sectional and longitudinal study are two of the primary research techniques used to evaluate prenatal biological, physical, and cognitive development. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are the two main types of research employed in prenatal developmental psychology. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are often used in prenatal development research (McLeod, 2017). These studies contribute to a better understanding of how prenatal influences affect an infant's growth and development through time and developmental stages as explained in both Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories. What was Learned in My Academic Perspective As a fan of Freud I find it hard to consider any perspective other than his. However, through various articles and years of study I have come to the conclusion that there is no “one” theory that can solely define human development on its own. Human development is best

5 understood through a combination of each highlighted theorist alongside various others not listed that even begin to educate us about the complex and beautifully unique process of human development. Development is influenced immediately after conception first by genetics followed by factors such as the mothers nutrition, physical and psychological health throughout gestation. Then through early childhood, infants face many challenges and developmental milestones influenced by numerous elements such as social interaction, culture, environmental variables and the balance of nature and nurture.

6 Conclusion

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7 References Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue), page-page. doi:x.xxxx/xxxx-xxxx.xx.x.xxx Author, D.D. (year, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper , https://newspaper.homepage Author, E.E., & Author, F.F. (year). Title of book . Publisher. Author, G.G., & Author, H.H. (year, Month day). Title of document . https://www.xxxxxxx Your references will be listed alphabetical by author’s last name . They will not be indented the same way as the body of your paper. Each reference will have a “hanging indent,” like this paragraph is written. This guide shows how to create different types of reference entries: https://national.libguides.com/apa_7th/reference

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