KEY Citing Evidence for Claims Activity

docx

School

Kennesaw State University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

4100

Subject

Psychology

Date

Apr 3, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by DrHareMaster1070

KEY: PSYC 4100 Citing Evidence for Claims Please do not review the key until you have finished the actual activity. Activity: The following excerpts are the original text with their citations, followed by the number of citations (Note. This number does not count double citations where more than one paper is cited as evidence, but instead counts whether any citation was provided as evidence). Although some stylistic differences may exist about where citations should be provided, for the most part this activity should give you an idea of where citations are needed in an APA style lab report. Excerpt 1: Throughout the United States, an estimated 6.7% of adults suffer from clinical depression (NSDUH, 2017). As the body of research surrounding mental health continues to grow, many recent studies have begun focusing on the link between depression and interpersonal relationships, specifically the ways in which depression may cause conflict in romantic relationships (Whisman & Uebelacker, 2009). Unfortunately, the link between these factors could become a vicious cycle. Studies have suggested that negative events in romantic relationships act as triggers for suicide attempts, already much more common in people with depression (Bachmann, 2018; Bagge et al., 2013). Building healthier, more resilient relationships leads to greater relationship satisfaction and greater overall happiness for both partners (Barry et al., 2019). Therefore, further understanding of the way that individuals with depression cope with traumatic relationship events could allow researchers to develop more effective strategies for relationship building. For the purposes of this study, depression will refer to diagnosed major depressive disorder or clinical depression, not temporary depressive symptoms as a result of a negative life event. This study will use as a measure the Couple Resilience Inventory, which defines relationship resilience as the degree to which partners help each other cope during negative life events (Sanford et al., 2016). The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a

link between the existence of a depressed partner in a relationship and overall relationship resilience. Although no current studies have directly examined factors that may contribute to relationship resilience, studies have found a positive correlation between relationship resilience, relationship satisfaction, and individual well-being (Rivers & Sanford, 2018). As depression is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction and individual well-being, it would follow that depression and relationship resilience should be negatively correlated (Barry et al., 2019). Studies have also shown that greater individual resiliency is associated with lower levels of depression, providing further evidence that depression and relationship resilience should present a negative correlation (Straud et al., 2018). Actual in-text citations needed: 8 Excerpt 2: One of the leading causes for women to seek psychotherapy is troubles in romantic relationships (Gender and Women’s Mental Health, 2013). Domestic violence, or otherwise referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV), is defined by the CDC as physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, and psychological aggression by a current or former intimate partner (CDC, 2018). Domestic abuse is a form of trauma, and its victims are proven to be associated with higher suicide rates (Devries et al., 2011). Along with an almost five-fold increase in suicide rates, victims are twice as likely to develop depression, substance-use disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep and appetite disorders, and emotional distress (WHO, 2019).

There are several approaches to treating domestic abuse victims, all of which are commonly used in different therapeutic practices. The Sanctuary Model, which was originally used to treat adults who were traumatized as children, has adapted to treat domestic violence victims as well (Mirsky, 2010). The Sanctuary Model provides safe living conditions to clients in care while they continue their psychiatric treatments. There are also group intervention programs with goals to move women towards breaking their cycles of abuse, which typically promote women empowerment as a coping mechanism (Jennings, 2004). While those models and programs exist, there is evidence supporting the idea that they are ineffective to individuals suffering from IPV, and there is a need for improvement (Stuart et al., 2007). The proposals for these necessary improvements involve the emergence of behavioral couples therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and a combination of pharmaceutical drugs with behavioral treatments (Easton et al., 2008). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) suggests a model in which clients in therapy focus on the 4R’s: realization of trauma, recognize signs of trauma, respond through principles such as promoting safety, trustworthiness, support, and empowerment, and resist re-traumatization (Anyikwa, 2016). These 4R’s are often used as a backbone in psychotherapy, specifically cognitive behavioral therapy, settings when treating victims of domestic abuse. Actual in-text citations needed: 9 Excerpt 3: Self-esteem reflects the positivity of an individual’s self-evaluations (Baumeister, 1998). Self-esteem can be divided into two general subgroups: global self-esteem and domain-specific self-esteem (Brown & Marshall, 2006). Global self-

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

esteem refers to how an individual perceives themselves and their self-worth as a whole (Shavelson, 1976). Some researchers view global self-esteem as the main component of psychological health, whereas domain-specific is relative to a certain aspect of a person’s life that they attribute value to (e.g., math, art, workplace, personal relationships; Brown et al., 2001). There is an existing controversy on whether global or domain-specific has the main effect on overall self-esteem particularly the degree to which one’s achievements matter to the overall sense of personal self-worth (James, 1980). There may be a developmental aspect to this question, as one could speculate that domain-specific esteem could have a larger impact on a child since they spend an ample amount of time a setting like school. One study examining this question involved tracking girls in the 4 th and 5 th grade from 13 different schools over a 4-year period (Kutob, 2010). Participants in this study completed interviews and took written surveys to measure their mental states, and found that global self-esteem became more important over time in relation to mental health as compared to domain-specific esteem. This study on 4 th and 5 th grade girls demonstrates that self-esteem evolves throughout childhood, whereas other research shows a cyclical feedback loop between global and domain-specific esteem in adulthood (Rentzsch & Schröder-Abé, 2022). Actual in-text citations needed: 7 Excerpt 4: Natural hazards in the US and worldwide are increasing in both their frequency and costliness (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction [UNISDR], 2018). There is growing consensus that individuals should be well

informed and motivated to prepare for natural hazards in order to mitigate negative outcomes associated with natural hazards (Aitsi-Selmi et al., 2015; Bowen, 2008). Yet, evidence demonstrates that people believe that a natural hazard will not occur, or that if it does occur, it will not seriously affect them (Burningham et al., 2008; Burton & Kates, 1964). The notion of personal invulnerability is powerful enough that inhabitants of hazard-prone regions believe that natural hazards would not occur in their areas (Kates 1964) and some people will even engage in denial when danger is imminent (Lachman et al., 1961). Risk perceptions are additionally influenced by cultural beliefs (Gierlach et al., 2010). Early important work on this topic demonstrated that higher death rates in the Southern (vs. Northern) US from tornados related to differences in locus of control beliefs (internal vs. external; Sims & Baumann, 1972). Likewise, additional research demonstrated that strong belief in a higher power (e.g., god) also influenced risk perceptions and preparedness behaviors of farmers in the Great Plains region of the US (Sims & Saarinen, 1969). This mindset also extends to non-natural hazards, as religious beliefs, attachment to one’s home, and political ideology were associated with lower risk perceptions for Jewish individuals living in a hostile Gaza region (Billig, 2006). Additionally, several studies have assessed how personal and dispositional factors such as natural hazard likelihood, concern, experience, and self-efficacy influence preparedness (Tkachuck et al., 2018; Weber et al., 2018). Actual in-text citations needed: 10

Next Steps: Now, use this method in your own paper to help you find claims that need evidence. Read each sentence in your introduction and determine whether you are making a claim of some sort. If you are making a claim- do you have sufficient and specific evidence for your claim? If yes - congratulations, your work for that sentence is done. If not - start making a list of what kind of evidence that you need to find for your paper and then search the databases, google scholar, web of science, and so forth to find reputable evidence to help you back up your claims. Important: If you cannot find reputable evidence of your claim, then you will either need to change your claim, or remove it from your paper. Speculation: If you want to speculate (try not to do a whole lot of that in your paper), then make it clear from your wording that you are not making any strong claims about a statement. Speculation is okay to include when necessary, but remember that it does not truly add much to your argument. Too much speculation in your introduction and literature review will result in a weak argument- so be choosy about where you need or want to speculate. Personal Anecdote/Knowledge: This kind of evidence is not appropriate for this style of paper. Do not use personal knowledge or anecdote to support any claims in this paper. Does every sentence need to have a citation? You can and should have sentences without citations in your paper- but make sure that the sentences that immediately follow or precede those sentences have sufficient clarity about where the ideas are coming from. Otherwise, most of these sentences without citations will likely be topic sentences, transitions, expanding on previous cited claims that are directly adjacent to that sentence, or specifics about the current study (coloring activity experiment). Other reminders about citations and evidence: Introduction Section: This is the most important part of your paper and is worth the most points. You should be spending most of your time writing and researching this section. There should be no direct quotes in this section at all . Although other published APA papers may have direct quotes, those kinds of papers tend to be a direct discussion of the literature or discussing definitional arguments between different theoretical approaches to a topic. Since our paper on our Coloring Activity is describing a research study that we have conducted, and it does not get into theoretical arguments within the field, direct quotations should not be used. Please paraphrase only. Every claim that you make should have a citation. That means if you want to make broad statements such as, “Depression affects people mentally and physically.” You cannot just leave that sentence as is. You need to add at least one citation that supports that claim, e.g., “Depression

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

affects people mentally and physically (Katz, 1996).” This is true even for things you “know” to be true. What I recommend you do, is first decide what kinds of arguments absolutely need to be made in your paper, and then work to find reputable sources to back those claims up. This activity will help you get started on this process. What claims will we make? The claims in our paper for Coloring Activity will have to do with arguing the following: 1) showing why stress might be a problem in the US or more generally 2) why it might be useful to reduce stress, 3) how art therapy or coloring specifically might reduce stress or related outcomes (and why), 4) how mandalas or structured patterns might be more beneficial at reducing stress than free form/open exercises (and why). The first two claims listed above (1 and 2) will be quick to argue by using some clinical statistics or other supporting information in about 1-2 broader introductory paragraphs in your paper. For the latter two claims about coloring and stress in particular (3 and 4), those should be the bulk of your introduction section and should be several pages each . Plan for a minimum of 1-2 pages for each of those arguments, going into detail about the studies that you find and how they might contribute to the arguments that underlie our research hypotheses. What sources to use as evidence? Start with the articles listed in the “Background Articles” Folder in D2L. This can be found in Step 4 in the literature review area of Unit 2. Use the article that you found for Discussion 2 (as long as it is relevant and fits in your argument outline). For your draft of your paper, you will need 6 high quality, peer-reviewed articles to cite in addition to those articles already found in the Background Articles folder. So, this is a good time to start gathering these and figuring out where they will fit into your paper. Peer-reviewed articles are your best bet for this section, followed by reputable research reports or scientific primary sources on the topic (CDC, DSM, APA reports on prevalence of mental disorders, NIH, etc.). It should be a formal report that is published if you want to include it as a high-quality source in your introduction section. What sources NOT to use? Blogs, personal information, magazines, stories, anecdotes, non peer-reviewed sources, literary books (these often are sourcing primary literature), textbooks, etc.

KEY Citing Evidence for Claims Activity

Related Documents