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#In own
What are the roles of the following.?cytokines in defense against infections:
1) TNF
2) IL-12
3) Type I Interferon
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- The innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to ‘see’ intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to: Secrete cytokines that diffuse into the infected tissue Activate type I interferon production by macrophages and dendritic cells Activate macrophages to induce inflammation Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules Express cytoplasmic sensors for detecting pathogen-derived nucleic acidsExplain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection? How are interferons activated? What types of stimuli activate interferons at the earliest stages of viral infection.? Identify the receptors to which interferon binds and how their activation affects gene expression?Which of the following cells in the diagram shown below phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms? Courtesy Michael Ross, University of Florida А В C D E a) A O b) B c) C d) D O el E
- The circulating cytokines that recruit large numbers of phagocytes to the area of inflammation, resulting in pus, are called: O1) pyogens O 2) pyrogens 3) interferons O 4) defensinsDraw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages). Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response? Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots). Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages: Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the chemicals produced by the cells do? Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound? Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?Figure shows a series of events for the response in innate immune defense. a)State ONE main event happening in J in fighting pathogens. b)Natural killer cell has the ability to kill virus-infected cells and tumour cells rapidly. How do natural killer cells in event K recognise and kill these cells?
- Explain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: Identify important target ISGs. Discuss the general mechanisms by which interferon induced genes block virus replication.Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complementAll of the following are not true about immune modulators, except: Infection control is an integral part of drug therapy. Most can be safely recommended in children. Interferons and interleukins have many drug-to-drug interactions. None of the above
- 1. What phagocytic cells utilize in their membrane to identify phagocytic objects? A) Opsonin receptors B) Fc receptors C) Toll-like receptors D) All of the above E) None of the above. 2. Which is NOT a measure for fighting against viral infections? A). TNF-α B). IFN-Y C). IL-1 D). IL-4 E). All of the above promote anti-viral reactions. 3. Which could be the chain formula for IgA in the mucosa? Α). απλη Β). (μ2λ2)s C). αμκ2 D). μ2K2 E). (α2K2)2■ Which of the following is considered an innate immunity. Production of antibodies via B lymphocytes Killing virally infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocyte The protective action of lysozymes in tears and saliva [ All of the aboveAll of the following are not true about immune modulators, except: Infection control is an integral part of drug therapy. Most can be safely recommended in children. Interferons and interleukins have many drug-to-drug interactions. None of the above (i am torn between Interferons and interleukins have many drug-to-drug interactionsa and none of the above)