22 years old man is shot in the back. The bullet transects the spinal cord at T-5 and he becomes paraplegic. Which of the following is most likely to occur in his lower extremities three months after? A. Areflexia B. Bilateral Horner syndrome C. Fibrillation D. Hyperreflexia E. Profound atrophy
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- Increased action potentials from the sympathetic nervous system would cause which of the following? a. release of acetylcholine at sinuatrial nodal cells b. release of acetylcholine at cardiac muscle cells c. increased strength of contraction d. decreased heart rateDuring surgery, the right vagus nerve was accidently cut. Explain the effect on the heart rate. a. There is no change to the heart rate because the vagus nerve does not innervate the heart. b. The heart rate increases to the inherent rhythm of SA nodal cells. c. The heart stops beating, and the heart rate becomes zero. d. The heart rate decreases to the inherent rhythm of SA nodal cells.Vasodilation in the heart and skeletal muscles during exercise is primarily due to the effects of a. alpha-adrenergic stimulation. b. beta-adrenergic stimulation. c. cholinergic stimulation. d. products released by the exercising muscle cells.
- The atrioventricular node is located in the: A. right atrium B. right ventricle C. septum between the right and left atrium D. juncture between the right atrium and ventricle Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons release NT that binds to: A. nicotinic acetylcholine ligand-gated receptors B. muscarinic acetylcholine GPCRs C. beta-1 norepinephrine GPCRs D. norepinephrine ligand-gated receptorsA patient has been in a serious car accident and is hemorrhaging. Which of the following changes would be seen in this patient? a. a decrease in stroke volume b. an increase in heart rate c. a possible decrease in cardiac output d. All of these are correct.While downhill skiing, Jerry lost control and appeared to hit into a tree, chest first. The ski patrol that are also certified in EMT reported that Jerry was found with his head cocked at a peculiar angle and it looked like he had a fracture at the position of the C2 vertebra. During triage, Jerry appeared cyanotic and apneic. His heart was still beating, but his pulse was fast and thready. a) Explain how the described angle of the head might contribute to the loss of breathingb) What would be the best possible explanation for the cyanosis? Jerry was artificially ventilated and survives the transport to the hospital. Upon admission, the following notes were taken by the trauma team nurse. Right thorax compressed with ribs 7 to 9 fractured Right lung pneumothorax; trachea deviation to the left c) Describe the causes of pneumothrax and why this condition would result in the right lung to collapse? d) Why hasn't the left lung collapse? e) The physician inserts a chest tube into the…
- While downhill skiing, Jerry lost control and appeared to hit into a tree, chest first. The ski patrol that are also certified in EMT reported that Jerry was found with his head cocked at a peculiar angle and it looked like he had a fracture at the position of the C2 vertebra. During triage, Jerry appeared cyanotic and apneic. His heart was still beating, but his pulse was fast and thready. a) Explain how the described angle of the head might contribute to the loss of breathingThere is reduced blood flow to tissues and organs in cardiogenic shock. What is the main cause of this reduced blood flow? Question 4 options: a) A decrease in systemic vascular resistance b) A reduction in preload c) A reduction in cardiac output d) The loss of sympathetic toneCalcium channel blockers are drugs that are given to cause a. an increase in the volume of blood being pumped. b. the afterload to be increased. c. contractility to decrease. d. preload to decrease.b
- After her workout, Arlene lies down on a mat to stretch out her leg muscles. She stands up suddenly after stretching and feels a bit light-headed. However, the lightheaded feeling passes quickly. What physiologic process occurred that resulted in the passing of her light-headed feeling? a. The aortic bodies detected an increase in blood pressure in the head and initiated a chemoreceptor reflex that decreased blood pressure. b. The carotid bodies detected low CO2 and high O2 levels from exercising and stimulated the vasomotor center to vasoconstrict the vessels of the head and neck. c. Only α receptors in the head and neck initially were being stimulated, resulting in the light-headed feeling. d. The baroreceptors within the carotid detected decreased stretch in the carotid vessel wall and initiated an autonomic reflex to increase blood flow to the head and neck.If blood pressure was to drop, how is the signal transmitted to the central nervous system? a) The baroreceptors decrease the generation of action potentials below their normal level. b) The glassopharyngeal nerve increases the transmission of action potentials, while the vagus nerve does not. c) The baroreceptors increases the generation of action potentials past their normal level. d) The glassopharyngeal nerve decreases the transmission of action potentials, while the vagus nerve does not.Sympathetic impulses to the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries and arterioles produceA. Vasodilation only C. Vasomotor inhibitionB. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction D. Arteriosclerosis Substances exchanged at the capillary level move through the capillary walls byA. Diffusion B. Filtration C. Osmosis D. Active transport In the measurement of blood pressure, the cuff of the sphygmomanometer usually surroundsA. The radial artery C. The brachiocephalic arteryB. The dorsalis pedis artery D. The brachial artery Arterial blood pressure is independent ofA. Blood Volume B. Heart rate C. Blood Viscosity D. Influx of calcium ions Identify the TRUE statement (s). There may be several correct answers,A. An increased cardiac output is reflected in an elevated diastolic pressure.B. An increased cardiac output is reflected in a decreased diastolic pressure.C. An increase in the force of contraction produces an elevated…