A new and fruitful paradigm of applied science emerged in the middle third of the twentieth century. Indeed, cutting-edge and advanced technologies and technological systems that exploit equally cutting-edge research science for practical and applied purposes are a distinguishing characteristic of our age. These applied sciences either developed in Big Science projects or produced specific products affecting the life of all people living on the earth. While science and technology have always been important to and driven by warfare, the increase in military funding of science following the second World War was on a scale wholly unprecedented. James Conant, in a 1941 letter to Chemical Engineering News, said that World War II "is a physicist's war rather than a chemist's," a phrase that was cemented in the vernacular in post-war discussion of the role that those scientists played in the development of new weapons and tools. The bulk of these activities took place in a new form of research facility: the government-sponsored laboratory, employing thousands of technicians and scientists, managed by universities to run massive projects. Among the examples of this direct application of scientific discoveries in massive projects and industrial production are: O Appliances and cosmetic products O Thermodynamics and steam engines O Vitamins and Dietary supplements O The atomic bomb and antibiotics

A new and fruitful paradigm of applied science emerged in the middle third of the twentieth century. Indeed, cutting-edge and advanced technologies and technological systems that exploit equally cutting-edge research science for practical and applied purposes are a distinguishing characteristic of our age. These applied sciences either developed in Big Science projects or produced specific products affecting the life of all people living on the earth. While science and technology have always been important to and driven by warfare, the increase in military funding of science following the second World War was on a scale wholly unprecedented. James Conant, in a 1941 letter to Chemical Engineering News, said that World War II "is a physicist's war rather than a chemist's," a phrase that was cemented in the vernacular in post-war discussion of the role that those scientists played in the development of new weapons and tools. The bulk of these activities took place in a new form of research facility: the government-sponsored laboratory, employing thousands of technicians and scientists, managed by universities to run massive projects. Among the examples of this direct application of scientific discoveries in massive projects and industrial production are: O Appliances and cosmetic products O Thermodynamics and steam engines O Vitamins and Dietary supplements O The atomic bomb and antibiotics