A wild-type strain of E. coli: Select one: O a. will grow on minimal medium. b. can be classified as a prototroph. O c. will not have a block in any of its biochemical pathways. O d. does not contain a mutation in any gene require to synthesize an essential end product. e. All of the listed answers within this question can apply to a wild- type strain of E. coli.
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- There is evidence that some oxidative damage to DNA occurs at the nucleotide level, with oxidation of a nucleotide, followed by incorporation of the damaged nucleotide into DNA. (a) Describe a pathway by which this could occur. (b) Propose one or more experiments to test whether your proposed pathway does occur.The reason why Beadle and Tatum observed four different categories of mutants that could not grow on media without methionine is because a. the enzyme involved in methionine biosynthesis is composed of four different subunits. b. the enzyme involved in methionine biosynthesis is present in four copies in the Neurospora genome. c. four different enzymes are involved in a pathway for methionine biosynthesis. d. a lack of methionine biosynthesis can inhibit Neurospora growth in four different ways.b ) Describe the contribution of Griffith , Avery et al . , Hershey & Chase , and Watson and Crick in the field of genetics . You are characterizing a newly discovered organism . You have noticed that the organism grows on two carbon sources - sucrose and mannitol . Whenever you add both sugars to the medium , sucrose will be completely metabolized before mannitol . a ) What is this growth pattern called ? b ) Describe a possible growth curve of sequential metabolism of the sugars .
- You have a leu auxotroph strain of e. coli. You suspect that if you mutagenize this strain, you can isolate prototrophic revertants. You irradiate these cells to generate mutants. A) What media should you plate these mutants on to identify leu prototrophs? answers: a. minimal media + carbon source b. minimal media - leu c. rich media d. rich media + ampicillin e. rich media -trpYou grow E. coli in defined media containing both glucose and lactose. Draw the trajectory of the growth curve and provide a molecular explanation. How does the trajectory change when lac is mutated? Provide a rationale.Describe which enzymes are required for lactose and tryptophan metabolism in bacteria when lactose and tryptophan, respectively, are (a) present and (b) absent.
- In the experiments of Aery, MacLeod, and McCarty, what was the purpose of treating the transforming extract with enzymes?When Griffith incubated heat-killed virulent S strain bacteria with live avirulent R strains, he found that R cells were transformed into lethal, disease-causing bacteria. What is the molecule responsible for the transformation of R cells into the S type? Why did the transformation occur? A. Proteins in the heat-killed S cell extract; they were able to synthesize the capsular polysaccharide in the R cells and make them virulent. B. The capsular polysaccharide in the heat-killed S cell extract; the polysaccharide was able to attach to R cells, thus making them virulent. C. DNA in the heat-killed S cell extract; the DNA altered the genetic makeup of R cells, allowing them to synthesize the polysaccharide capsule, thus making them virulent. D. Specialized lipids in the cell membrane of the S cells were able to integrate with the R cells, conferring the ability to evade host immunity.Scientists are currently screening a chemical library of small molecules for inhibitors of bioluminescence in response to high cell density in V. fischeri.The small molecules were chosen for their potentialability to bind LuxR.a. How could a molecule that binds LuxR preventbioluminescence?b. Hundreds of different bacterial species use quorumsensing mechanisms similar to that of V. fischeri andencode proteins similar to LuxI and LuxR. In lightof this information, why do you think scientists wantto identify the molecule described in part (a)?
- All of the following are true about the design of the Beadle and Tatum experiment (one gene one polypeptide) EXCEPT: A. Used X-rays to generate auxotrophs B. Depended on the use of the bacteria, N. crassa C. Examined the way in which amino acid biosynthesis occurs D. Added nutrient intermediates to rescue lethal mutations included the study of conditional mutants E. Led to the one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.In the Avery experiment, mice were killed if they injected with S strain cells. Furthermore, incubation with extract from dead S strain cells could transform non pathogenic cells into pathogenic cells. This effect of S strain extract was eliminated if S strain extract is treated with what enzyme before incubation with non-pathogenic cells? protease DNAse RNAse LipaseIn a process of production of a recombinant protein by E. coli cells, it was observed accumulation of acetate in the culture medium. In this situation, it can be said that: (a) certainly the process in question was being conducted in anaerobiosis (B).Acetate accumulation is advantageous for the process as the acetate formation reaction generates 1 molecule of ATP (c)Knowing that decreasing the temperature of the process causes a reduction in the rate of glycolysis, this could be a strategy to reduce the accumulation of acetate (d).the acetate formed can be re-assimilated by the cell if the glyoxylate pathway is activated at some point in the culture