Consider a Variant oF the utimatum qame we Studicd in class IN which playcrs have Fairness considerations . The timing OF the qame is vsual. First , Player 1 propasar the split (100 -x, x) OF a hundred dollars to Player 2, Where XE [0,100]. Player 2 observes split & decides whtther to accept (in which case they recieve Money according ti proposed Split) or reject (in Which case they both get żero dollars).But now player i's vtility equals to her monetary Vility minus the disutility From unFairneus proportion al to the diFferene in Monetary OtcCOMES . That is, given a final Split (m. ,m.) let u, (m. ,m.) = m, -B. (m, - m2)* -B. (m, - ma)* = M, U. (m. ,m,) = m, - P. (m. -m.) where P..f2 are parametens of the indicating haw strongly Players care a bout Fairness. Note that the case we considered corres pands to game o P, = P2 = 0 %3D (a) represent this game in Exten sive Form (b) Describe the sets of Strateqies oF each player
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- [Adverse Selection] Each of the two players receives an envelope, in which there is anamount of money that is equally distributed from $0, $1, $2, ..., $100. The amounts in twoenvelopes are independent. After receiving the envelope, each individual can check exactlyhow much money is put in his/her own envelope. Then each player has the option to exchangehis/her envelope for the other individual's prize. The decisions are made simultaneously. Ifboth individuals agree to exchange, then the envelopes are exchanged; otherwise, if at leastone player chooses not to exchange, each individual keeps his/her own envelope and receivesits attached sum of money.a. Model this game as a static Bayesian game (write the normal formrepresentation) and find the Bayesian Nash equilibrium.b. Consider a new game where the probability distribution of money in eachenvelope is changed. The amount is equal to $100 with probability 90%, and is equalto each number in $0, $1, $2, ... ,$99 with probability 0.1%.…Lela must decide to go on a winter trip to norway with the hope of seeing northern light would yield a utility level of 2,000 but she has only a 50% chance that they will show during the days of her trip. making the trip without seeing the lights would yield a utility level of 100 and there is 50 % chance of this happening. what is lela's expected utilty if show goes on the trip? a. 2,100 b.1,050 c.42 d.950Suppose Grace and Lisa are to go to dinner. Lisa is visiting Grace from outof town, and they are to meet at a local restaurant. When Lisa lived in town,they had two favorite restaurants: Bel Loc Diner and the Corner Stable. Ofcourse, Lisa’s information is out of date, but Grace knows which is betterthese days. Assume that the probability that the Bel Loc Diner is better isp > 1/2 and the probability that the Corner Stable is better is 1 - p. Naturedetermines which restaurant Grace thinks is better. Grace then sends amessage to Lisa, either “Let’s go to the Bel Loc Diner,” “Let’s go to theCorner Stable,” or “I don’t know [which is better].” Lisa receives the message, and then Grace and Lisa simultaneously decide which restaurant to go to. Payoffs are such that Grace and Lisa want to go to the same restaurant, but they prefer it to be the one that Grace thinks is better. More specifically, if, in fact, the Bel Loc Diner is better, then the payoffs from theiractions are as shown in the…
- We’ll now show how a college degree can get you a better job even if itdoesn’t make you a better worker. Consider a two-player game between aprospective employee, whom we’ll refer to as the applicant, and an employer. The applicant’s type is her intellect, which may be low, moderate,or high, with probability 1/3 , 1/2 , and 1/6 , respectively. After the applicantlearns her type, she decides whether or not to go to college. The personalcost in gaining a college degree is higher when the applicant is less intelligent, because a less smart student has to work harder if she is to graduate. Assume that the cost of gaining a college degree is 2, 4, and 6 for an applicant who is of high, moderate, and low intelligence, respectively.The employer decides whether to offer the applicant a job as a manageror as a clerk. The applicant’s payoff to being hired as a manager is 15,while the payoff to being a clerk is 10. These payoffs are independent ofthe applicant’s type. The employer’s payoff from…a Suppose you are given a choice between thefollowing options:A1: Win $30 for sureA2: 80% chance of winning $45 and 20% chance ofA2: winning nothing B1: 25% chance of winning $30B2: 20% chance of winning $45Most people prefer A1 to A2 and B2 to B1. Explainwhy this behavior violates the assumption that decisionmakers maximize expected utility.b Now suppose you play the following game: You havea 75% chance of winning nothing and a 25% chance ofplaying the second stage of the game. If you reach thesecond stage, you have a choice of two options (C1 andC2), but your choice must be made now, before youreach the second stage.C1: Win $30 for sureC2: 80% chance of winning $45 13.5 Bayes’ Rule and Decision Trees 767Most people choose C1 over C2 and B2 to B1 (from part(a)). Explain why this again violates the assumption ofexpected utility maximization. Tversky and Kahneman(1981) speculate that most people are attracted to thesure $30 in the second stage, even though the secondstage may never be…* Please be advised this is for practice preperation only ** i just really need help on this - I dont undertsand X is an arbitrary number Suppose the stage game was played for 3 rounds. Consider the following strategy: Round 1: play C. Round 2: play C if both players played C in round 1. Otherwise, play E. Round 3: play D if both players played C in rounds 1 and 2. Otherwise, play E.Ignore discounting (that is, δ = 1). Suppose that both players pick the strategy above. What condition on x is needed to make this strategy profile a SPNE? Hint: remember to check for possible deviations separately for rounds 1 and 2.(a) 5 ≥ x(b) 7 ≥ x(c) 9 ≥ x(d) 11 ≥ x(e) 13 ≥ x
- At a company, 20 employees are making contributions for a retirement gift. Each of the 20 employees is choosing how many dollars to contribute from the interval [0,20]. The manager of these 20 employees announces that she will contribute dd dollars for every dollar that an employee contributes. The payoff to employee ii who makes contribution of xixi dollars is bi(1+d)xi−xi, where bi>0.bi(1+d)xi−xi, where bi>0. Assume that d=4d=4, bi=0.25bi=0.25 for i=1,2,…,10i=1,2,…,10, andbi=0.5bi=0.5 for i=11,12,…,20i=11,12,…,20 What is the best contribution level of any employee ii for i=1,2,…,10i=1,2,…,10. At a company, 20 employees are making contributions for a retirement gift. Each of the 20 employees is choosing how many dollars to contribute from the interval [0,20]. The manager of these 20 employees announces that she will contribute dd dollars for every dollar that an employee contributes. The payoff to employee ii who makes contribution of xixi dollars is bi(1+d)xi−xi,…Utility functions incorporate a decision maker’s attitude towards risk. Let’s assume that the following utilities were assessed for Danica Wary. x u(x) -$2,000 0 -$500 62 $0 75 $400 80 $5,000 100 Would a risk neutral decision maker be willing to take the following deal: 30% chance of winning $5,000, 40% chance of winning $400 and a 30% chance of losing $2,000? Using the utilities given in the table above, determine whether Danica would be willing to take the deal described in part a? Is Danica risk averse or is she a risk taker? What is her risk premium for this deal?Consider the Hawk–Dove situation shown here. a. Show that an ESS uses hawk with probability 2/3.b. In this chapter, we’ve only allowed a mutation to be of a single strategy.Departing from that assumption, consider a small mutation in whichhalf of the mutants are hawks and half are doves (i.e., they use onlypure strategies). Determine whether the ESS in part (a) is immune tothis mutation; that is, determine whether the ESS has higher fitnessthan that of each of these mutants.
- Suppose that the buyers do not know the quality of any particular bicycle for sale, but the sellers do knowthe quality of the bike they sell. The price at which a bike is traded is determined by demand and supply.Each buyer wants at most one bicycle.(ii) Assuming that each buyer purchases a bike only if its expected quality is higher than the price,and each seller is willing to sell their bike only if the price exceeds their valuation, what is theequilibrium outcome in this market?If a risk‐averse individual owns a home worth $100,000, and that individual iswilling to pay a maximum of $1,000 for an annual fire insurance policy that covers theentire loss in the event of a fire, then we know that:A. There is a one percent chance that the home will be destroyed by fire inthe next yearB. There is a greater than a one percent chance that the home will bedestroyed by fire in the next yearC. There is less than a one percent chance that the home will be destroyedby fire in the next yearD. None of the above is correct2 Prove rigourously, "Constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) implies decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA), but the converse is not necessarily true."