Given that modern echinoderms and chordates look nothing alike, what factors have led zoologists to propose a close evolutionary relationship between these two phyla?
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Given that modern echinoderms and chordates look nothing alike, what factors have led zoologists to propose a close evolutionary relationship between these two phyla?
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- 1. a) List 5 distinguishing factors of reptiles and their similar characteristics to birds. b) How can you establish the evolutionary relationship between reptiles and birds? c) Amniotes are divided into three groups based on their skull morphologies. What are these three groups, and how do their skulls differ? Which living amniotes have originated from each of these three groups? 2. Fill in the table below. Compare the different orders within each class.A) Draw a phylogenetic tree for the major phyla of the animal kingdom. Label the appropriate branch points on the tree with the following features: Tissue, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, body cavity, deuterostomes, and protostomes. B). Draw a diagram of a hydra. On the hydra, label the mouth (hypostome), tentacles, basal disk, ovary, budding polyp, gastrovascular cavity. State the function of each structure you labeled next to or under your diagram.Pharyngeal slits are which of the following? Question 24 options: a) Openings in the pharynx. In aquatic chordates they allow for exit of water that enters the mouth. b) Elongations of the posterior portion of the body. Use for locomotion in fish, or balance in some terrestrial vertebrates. c) Flexible, rod-shaped structures that grows from mesoderm. Gives support to an animal in embryonic development of chordates or for entire life depending on the species. d) Tissues that produces thyroid type hormones. e) Hollow tubes that develops from ectoderm. Develops into the central nervous system.
- Which of the following is the correct classification for the following chordate animal: This animal has a skeleton made of bone. Most modern day fish are in this group. They use gills to breathe and have a swim bladder to help control buoyancy. They also have a lateral line to detect vibrations in the water. Question 29 options: a) Superclass Agnatha b) Urodela / Salamanders c) Anura / Frogs d) Marsupial e) Class Osteichthyes f) Reptiles (non avian) g) Monotreme h) Birds i) Cephalochordata j) Eutharia k) Class ChondrichthyesWhich of the following is responsible for the early predominant image of Neanderthals as brutish cavemen? a). They had small brain cases with stocky bodies and were always recovered from cave sites b). The fossil evidence reveals that they had little cognitive capacity and had a hunched over posture c). An early fossil find of an Individual suffering from arthritis was assembled and taken as the type specimen foer all Neanderthals, mistakenly giving the idea that Neanderthals were an ape-like, hunched-over species.d). None of the above are trueWhich of the following is the correct classification for the following chordate animal: These animals are chordates but do not have a backbone or cranium. They have all five features of chordates into adulthood. The notochord extends into its head. Question 27 options: a) Birds b) Anura / Frogs c) Urodela / Salamanders d) Superclass Agnatha e) Monotreme f) Eutharia g) Reptiles (non avian) h) Class Chondrichthyes i) Cephalochordata j) Class Osteichthyes k) Marsupial
- Which of the following is the correct classification for this chordate animal: This vertebrate possesses hair and mammary glands. They are endothermic. This group gives birth to live young at a fetal stage. Most then nurture their young in a pouch. Question 31 options: a) Class Chondrichthyes b) Eutharia c) Cephalochordata d) Birds e) Urodela / Salamanders f) Class Osteichthyes g) Monotreme h) Reptiles (non avian) i) Anura / Frogs j) Superclass Agnatha k) Marsupial1) Which statement about lungs and gas bladders is true? A) the first osteichthyans had lungs and these lungs were later converted to gas bladders in actinopterygians B) the first osteichthyans had gas bladders and these gas bladders were later converted to lungs in sarcopterygians C) after the two lineages branched apart, actinopterygians evolved gas bladder and sarcopterygians evolved lungs" 2) Why are sharks reliant on ram ventilation unable to breath while remaining in place like other fish do?Which of the following could be considered the most recentcommon ancestor of living tetrapods?(A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrialvertebrates(B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages(C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletalsupports in its paired fins(D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeletonbut moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes
- Molecular techniques like DNA sequencing led to a restructuring of morphologically-based taxonomy and phylogeny such that A)annelids and arthropods were designated as closely related. B)echinoderms and chordates were placed in entirely different clades. C)Bilateria was designated as a monophyletic group. D)Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa were designated as clades. E)rotifers and nematodes were designated as closely related.What does radial symmetry means? What is the type of symmetry found in chordates? Which are other phyla of the animal kingdom that present species with radial symmetry?Draw three phylogenetic trees (cladograms) depicting the possible relationships between hemichordates, echinoderms and chordates. Briefly summarize the evidence supporting each alternative. Which appears to be the best-supported by recent DNA evidence?