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Proteins
We generally tend to think of proteins only from a dietary lens, as a component of what we eat. However, they are among the most important and abundant organic macromolecules in the human body, with diverse structures and functions. Every cell contains thousands and thousands of proteins, each with specific functions. Some help in the formation of cellular membrane or walls, some help the cell to move, others act as messages or signals and flow seamlessly from one cell to another, carrying information.
Protein Expression
The method by which living organisms synthesize proteins and further modify and regulate them is called protein expression. Protein expression plays a significant role in several types of research and is highly utilized in molecular biology, biochemistry, and protein research laboratories.
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- Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport. ๏osmosis ๏active transport ๏facilitated diffusion ๏endocytosis / exocytosis (a)For each type of transport you choose, describe the transport process. Explain how the organization of cell membrane plays a role the movement of specific molecules across membrane. (b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred. (c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.The membrane transport protein Na+-K+ ATPase carries both Na+ and K+ ions across the plasma membrane. Typically the concentration of K+ inside cells is about 30 times higher inside the cell than outside. The concentration of Na+ is about 20 times less inside the cell than outside. Based on this information, which statement below is false? A. The proper functioning of Na+-K+ ATPase could serve as an energy source for secondary active transport proteins. B. It is a symport. C. Transport of Na+ and K+ must be coupled to an exergonic reaction. D. Na+-K+ ATPase likely undergoes conformational changes during transport.During an investigation on membrane transport, a researcher exposed bacterial cells to different concentrations of two different solutes: A and B. The rate of transport of each solute into cells isrepresented in the graphSolute ASolute BSolute ConcentrationWhich of the following best explains the greater rate of transport for solute A than for solute B at higher solute concentrations?A Solute A is being transported by simple diffusion, which does not rely on membrane proteins to control the rate of transportSolute A is being transported by active transport, which uses ATP and has higher rates of transport than passive transportSolute A is being transported by facilitated diffusion, which uses membrane proteins to increase the rate of transportRate of Transport
- Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport. ๏osmosis ๏active transport (b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred. (c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.secondary active transport depends on which of the following principals a. sodium is pumped pout of the cells against a concentration gradient by [primary active transport b. sodium moves out the cells with a concentration gradient c. primary active transport is necessary to pump sodium into the cell from higher to lower concentration d. diffusion causes sodium to move our of the cellSelect the correct statments regarding transport of molecules across the cell membrane. Non-mediated transport is susceptible to saturation of transporter/channel proteins. Channels and transporters need not use energy to transport solute down the concentration gradient. The Na+/K+ antiport takes advantage of electrochemical gradients to exchange Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane. Active transport via electrochemical gradients relies on the passive transport of one solute to transport a second solute against the concentration gradient. Describe the three main sources of membrane fluidity
- Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. The NKCC (Na+ K+ Cl- cotransporter) moves Cl- into the cell against its concentration gradient. What type of transport does NKCC carry out?A. passive diffusionB. facilitated diffusionC. secondary active transportD. primary active transportIon transporters are “linked” together—not physi-cally, but as a consequence of their actions. For example,cells can raise their intracellular pH, when it becomes tooacidic, by exchanging external Na+ for internal H+, usinga Na+–H+ antiporter. The change in internal Na+ is thenredressed using the Na+-K+ pump.A. Can these two transporters, operating together,normalize both the H+ and the Na+ concentrations insidethe cell?B. Does the linked action of these two pumps causeimbalances in either the K+ concentration or the mem-brane potential? Why or why not?Vesicle transport occurs between the ER and the Golgi in bothdirections. Let’s suppose a researcher added a drug to cells thatinhibited vesicle transport from the Golgi to the ER but did not affectvesicle transport from the ER to the Golgi. If you observed cellsmicroscopically after the drug was added, what would you expect to seehappen over the course of 1 hour?a. The ER would get smaller, and the Golgi would get larger.b. The ER would get larger, and the Golgi would get smaller.c. The ER and Golgi would stay the same size.d. Both the ER and Golgi would get larger.e. Both the ER and Golgi would get smaller
- Glucose transport across cell membranes varies depending upon blood glucose levels. When glucose levels are high, glucose transport is accomplished via membrane transporters. When glucose concentrations are low, the transport of glucose across the membrane is dependent upon the sodium ion concentration. What types of transport is observed for glucose? A)simple diffusion at high [glucose], secondary active transport at low [glucose] B)facilitated diffusion at high [glucose], secondary active transport at low [glucose] C)simple diffusion at high [glucose], primary active transport at low [glucose] D)facilitated diffusion at high [glucose], primary active transport at low [glucose]secondary active transport depends on which of the following principles? a. sodium is pumped out of the cell against a concentration gradient by primary active transport b. sodium moves out of the cell with a concentration gradient c. primary active transport is necessary to pump sodium into the cell from a higher to lower concentration d. diffusion causes sodium to move out of the cellIf the concentration of a solute is the same both inside and outside the cell, what might you expect with regard to its transport by a membrane protein? A. Since there is no concentration gradient, no transport either in or out of the cell is possible. B. The transport protein has been saturated. C. The solute must be phosphorylated with a phosphate group from ATP before further transport can occur. D. Movement of the solute across the membrane could occur and cause accumulated on one side of the membrane by an active transport protein. The concerted model of allosteric regulation is different from the sequential model, because: A. The concerted model is used to explain homotropic effects B. The sequential model is used to explain heterotropic effects C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B