Many cars have 5 mi/h (8km/h) “ bumpers”that are designed to compress and rebound elastically without any physical damage at speeds below 8 km/h. If the material of the bumpers permanently deforms after a compression of1.5 cm, but remains like an elastic spring up to that point, what must be the effective spring constant of the bumper material, assuming the car has a mass of 1050 kg and is tested by ramming into a solid wall?

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