Question: Evaluate the relationship between unemployment and inflation in the context of the Phillips Curve. Provide a detailed explanation of the Phillips Curve concept and how it demonstrates the trade-off between unemployment and inflation. Discuss the validity of this relationship in the short run versus the long run, citing historical economic examples. Also, explore how factors like expectations and supply shocks can influence this trade-off and potentially lead to scenarios like stagflation.
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- . Explain how the original Phillips curve was transformed into the expectations augmented Phillips curve. Using the latter, describe why any expansionary policy would not be effective in the long run and move the macro-economy back to the Natural Rate of Unemployment (NRU).Supposed that each of the following rows represents the choice faced by policy makers given the current set of U.S. institutions and technology. What is the opportunity cost of reducing unemployment from 8 percent to 4 percent? Explain your Choice. a) 4 percentage points of unemployment. b) 6 percentage points of unemployment. c) 6 percentage points of inflation. d) 4 percentage points of inflation. Uemployment Inflation 10 3 8 4 6 5 5 7 4 1015. Suppose that the relationship between inflation rate (x) and unemployment rate (u) is described by the following equation: H, - n = (m + z) – au, where m = 0.05, z = 0.04, and a = 2. In this economy, the authorities keep unemployment rate at 4% forever. a. If the modified Phillips curve describes the relationship between a and u correctly, how should "x,*" be specified? Rewrite the equation using this specification. And assuming that 7-1= 1%, compute Af, T4+1, and x4+2. b. Derive the natural rate of unemployment.
- Question 16 In the Phillips Curve diagram below, the economy is currently at its non- accelerating inflation rate of unemployment with an inflation rate of L. Inflation (%) ABCD L M 0 S LRPC SRPC2 SRPC1 NAIRU T Unemployment (%) Which one of the following is least likely to reduce the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment? Measures to increase the mobility of labour Measures to improve the availability of job information An increase in spending on education and training A rise in aggregate demand(a) What events of the 1970s and 1980s made economists believe that the shortrun relationship between inflation and unemployment was unstable (not fixed and permanent)? (b) Explain, using a diagram(s) and the concept of stagflation, the relationship between shifts in the SRAS curve and the position of the short-run Phillips curve.Answer the following questions briefly.a How is the Phillips curve related to aggregate supply?b. What are the differences between demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation?c. On what market imperfection does each aggregate supply theory rely? What dothe theories have in common?
- Suppose that an economy has the Phillips curvep=p-1 - O.S(u - 0.06),a) What is the natural rate of unemployment?b) Graph the short-run and long-run relationships between inflation and unemployment.c) How much cyclical unemployment is necessary to reduce inflation by S percentage points?d) Using Okun's law, compute the sacrifice ratio e.e)Inflation is running at 10 percent. The Fed wants to reduce it to 5 percent. Give Iwoscenarios that will achieve that goal.Consider a version of the Phillips curve where a proportion of wages, 1 >> 0, are now indexed to the rate of inflation. In these labor contracts, nominal wages move one-for-one with the actual price level. The remaining proportion of wages, (1-2), are set on the basis of expected inflation: nt λnt (1) et+ (m+z)-aut (2) a. Suppose that лet=πt-1. Solve for the natural rate of unemployment (the rate such that t=t-1). Is the natural rate of unemployment different as a result of wage indexation? b. Re-write the Phillips curve in terms of the difference between чt and un using the value for un you calculated in (a). How does wage indexation impact the way changes in inflation respond to deviations of the unemployment rate from the natural rate? What is the intuition for this result?Assume that the cconomy of Country X his an actual unemployment rate of 7%, a natural rate of unemployment of 5%, and an inflation rate of 3%. Using the numerical values given above, draw a correctly labeled graph of the short-run and long-run Phillips curves. Label the current short-run equilibrium as point B. Plot the numerical values above onthe graph. Assume that the government of Country X takes no policy action to reduce unemployment. In the long run, will each of the following shill to the right, shift to the left, or remain the same? (i) Short-run aggregate supply curve. Explain. (ii) Long-run Phillips curve Identify a fiscal policy action that could be used to reduce the unemployment rate in the short run. Draw a correctly labeled graph of aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply, and show the impact on the equilibrium price level and real gross domestic product (GDP) of the fiscal policy action identified
- 1. An economy has the following equation for the Phillips Curve: π = Eπ − 0.5(u − 6)People form expectations of inflation by taking a weighted average of the previous two years of inflation: Okun’s law for this economy is: Eπ = 0.7π−1 + 0.3π−2 (Y −Y−1)/(Y-1)=3.0−2.0(u−u−1) Th economy begins at its natural rate of unemployment with a stable inflation rate of 5 percent. Graph the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment that this economy faces. Label the point where the economy begins as A. (Be sure to give numerical values for point A.) A fall in aggregate demand leads to a recession, causing the unemployment rate to rise 4 percentage points above its natural rate. On your graph in part (b), label the point the economy experiences that year as point B.(Be sure to give numerical values.) Unemployment remains at this high level for two years (the initial year described in part (c) and one more), after which it returns to its natural rate. Create a table showing…The following graph plots the short-run and long-run Phillips curves (SRPC and LRPC, respectively) for an economy currently experiencing long-run macroeconomic equilibrium at point A, where the natural unemployment rate is 6% and the inflation rate is 8% per year. INFLATION RATE (Percent) 20 18 16 14 12 2 10 8 0 1 2 LRPC Y-Intercept: None 5 A 6 3 4 7 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (Percent) B 9 SRPC 10 ?. Assume that the economy experiences no change in productivity, money demand or its natural rate of unemployment in either the short or long run. The inflation rate responds immediately to correspond to the money supply growth rate. However, wage inflation adjusts to changes in the inflation rate with a time lag. Draw a diagram with inflation on the vertical axis and the unemployment rate on the horizontal axis that illustrates the Phillips curve relationship in the short run. Label the curve as PC1. Mark a point N on the horizontal axis that represents the natural rate of unemployment
