Radiopaque imaging agents are substances administered either orally or intrave- nously that absorb X-rays more strongly than body material. One of the best known of these is barium sulfate, the key ingredient in the so-called barium cocktail for imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. Among other X-ray contrast media are the so- called triiodoaromatics. You can get some idea of the imaging for which they are used from the following selection of trade names: Angiografin, Gastrografin, Cardiografin, Cholegrafin, Renografin, and Urografin. Following is a synthesis for diatrizoic acid from benzoic acid. СООН COOH COOH NO2 (3) NO2 O,N COOH COOH СООН I ICI 4 NH2 H,N NH2 H,N 'N' `N' I I H H Diatrizoic acid
Reactions of Ethers
Ethers (R-O-R’) are compounds formed by replacing hydrogen atoms of an alcohol (R-OH compound) or a phenol (C6H5OH) by an aryl/ acyl group (functional group after removing single hydrogen from an aromatic ring). In this section, reaction, preparation and behavior of ethers are discussed in the context of organic chemistry.
Epoxides
Epoxides are a special class of cyclic ethers which are an important functional group in organic chemistry and generate reactive centers due to their unusual high reactivity. Due to their high reactivity, epoxides are considered to be toxic and mutagenic.
Williamson Ether Synthesis
An organic reaction in which an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol forms ether is known as Williamson ether synthesis. Alexander Williamson developed the Williamson ether synthesis in 1850. The formation of ether in this synthesis is an SN2 reaction.
Provide reagents and experimental conditions for Steps (1), (2), (3), and (5).
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