What would be the effect of increased (or decreased) concentration of extracellular Ca2+ on the function of the presynaptic cell? How would you assess this effect experimentally?
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What would be the effect of increased (or decreased)
concentration of extracellular Ca2+ on the function of the
presynaptic cell? How would you assess this effect experimentally?
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Solved in 3 steps
- A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs from neurons X, Y, and Z. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously and repeatedly, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undergoes an action potential. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. Which of the following is correct? Select one: A. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Z is an example of temporal summation. O B. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Y is an example of temporal summation. O C. The repeated rapid stimulation of X is an example of spatial summation. O D. The stimulation of Y causes an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. O E. The stimulation of Z causes a hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron.Changes in intracellular Ca2+ is one of the main governing factors that determines the direction of plasticity (i.e., whether a synapse potentiates or depresses). Provide a general mechanism to explain how changes in intracellular Ca2+ can result in either synaptic depression or synaptic potentiation (refer to our discussion on kinases and phosphatases).A common membrane-bound intermediary between the receptor and the effector protein within the plasma membrane is the __________________.
- Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Because too much glutamate can cause excess Ca+2/Na+2 influx and excitatory in post-synaptic cells, the balance between excitation and inhibition must be tightly regulated. Calling upon only mechanisms that are directly part of the glutamate life cycle, describe two ways that you could experimentally limit or prevent glutamate excitotoxicity.A quanta holds about 10,000 molecules of ACh. How many quanta are exocytosed during a single presynaptic AP? What controls or determines the total number of quanta released? Is this under physiological control?+70 D A -70 Time in msec The diagram above shows the changes in membrane potential measured from a single point in a typical mammalian motor neuron that has been artificially stimulated to threshold. Membrane potential in mV B
- Fill out the following table (the 2 columns on the left) LTP LTD Is the following directly associated with the induction of LTP, LTD, both or neither (check both if both apply, and leave blank if neither apply)? a. Increased activity of phosphatase I b. Increased levels of presynaptic Ca²+ c. Postsynaptic hyperpolarization d. Removal of AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane e. Postsynaptic depolarization f. Increased levels of postsynaptic Ca²+ g. Insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane h. Presynaptic hyperpolarizationGiven the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor 2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm 3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane 4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell 5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 O 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 O4, 3, 1, 2, 5 O 3, 2, 5, 1, 4Activation of the beta-gamma subunit associated with the Go protein complex would lead to what outcome? 1.closing of presynaptic Ca++ channels 2.postsynaptic depolarization 3.postsynaptic hyperpolarization 4.increased production of cAMP
- Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosisAn effector neuron is a motor neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland).In an experiment, it was determined that the effector neuron for muscle fibre 1 had a threshold level of –5 mV. The effector neuron for muscle fibre 2 had a threshold level of –16 mV. An electrical probe was used to stimulate these two effector neurons of the muscle fibres. Which of the following rows correctly identifies the reaction of each muscle fibre based on the applied stimulus voltage? Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Relaxed Contracted b. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Contracted Relaxed c. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Contracted Relaxed d. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Relaxed ContractedA number of peptide toxins from snails and spiders can inhibit (block) voltage-gated calcium channels. Where in an interneuron would you most likely expect these toxins to bind, and what physiological effect (if any) would you expect these toxins to have on the activity evoked in the postsynaptic cell? dendrites, decreased effect in postsynaptic cell dendrites, increased effect in postsynaptic cell presynaptic terminal, decreased effect in postsynaptic cell presynaptic terminal, increased effect in postsynaptic cel O trigger zone, no effect on activity in postsynaptic cell