A Disease Is A Structural Or Functional Disorder

This history of HIV/AIDS as a blurry timeline before the 1980’s since that was around the time reports came in which eventually become an HIV report. The origin of HIV can be traced back to the early part of the century. Some believe that in the 1920’s chimpanzees from the Congo came into contact with humans (Avert, 2016). Though reports were not identified as HIV until the 1980’s, the belief that HIV was already scattered throughout four other continents may have been incident (Avert, 2016). Even though for the past 30 years the world has been diligently working to find a cure and pushing prevention, we are still struggling each year with increasing diagnosis. The beginning of HIV did end with lots of death, but now with our improved antiviral medication there is hope for many.

Scientists could predict how many people could die in a period of time. Since 1966, way before Dugas become a sexually active, scientist trace the virus not only in US, but also in places such as Haiti and Africa. Scientists took samples of blood from 1959, 1960 and bodies from 1908 they found the HVI virus in those samples. Beatrice Hahn, a professor from University of Pennsylvania, help to search for a much earlier Patient Zero, by taking it to Africa, and turning back the clock on a series of virus mutations and pinpointing with a diverse viruses such as SIV (simian immune virus), AGM (African green monkey) among many more of cross-species spillover (term scientists use to describe a moment a virus in one specie passes to other spice) in a jungle in Cameroon. A virus hunter, Nathan Wolfe, professor in human biology in Stanford University, takes it back even farther to an intracellular investigation in monkeys, gorillas, and chimps. Concluding with an intense research in chimps in a different places of West Africa, with a data, samples of major groups of HIV, and viruses from chimps created a model of “chimp Patient zero” hundreds of thousands of years

Diseases have been categorized as under a derogatory and lamentable category. However, Dr.Sharon Moalem and Jonathan Prince approach diseases from a different view in their scientific book Survival of the Sickest . They discuss that if diseases weren 't helpful, shouldn 't they have been eliminated through natural selection or shouldn 't humans have developed resistance to them through the use of evolution? Moalem and Prince answer the questions by going back in time and analyzing the uses of diseases, and come across surprises that may help humans in the future as they may have in the past. Though Moalem and Prince discussed many diseases in their book Survival of the Sickest, three diseases really stood out.

Numerous species of monkey were infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) or Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV). The macaques were the primary group of monkeys infected. “Macaques are physiologically and immunologically similar to humans so there is a significant advantage over rodents and other species. The pathogenic SIV infection of macaques can lead to a disease that is called “simian AIDS;” it is similar in many respects to the disease caused by HIV-1 in humans” (Evans and Silvestri). Using the macaques allows different treatments to occur on the experimental level that cannot be conducted in humans. The treatments have provided and continue to provide “essential information to reach a deeper understanding of the biology of HIV infection and AIDS” (Evans and Silvestri). Non-human primates are easier to use than humans do to the ability to control the timing, dose and route of the virus as well as collecting the samples from tissues that are difficult to collect from humans. Macaques can be infected by vaginal or rectal routes or by oral routes. Macaques have been used to test various “microbicides and vaccines for mucosal protection against HIV acquisition” (Evans and Silvestri). By using non-human primate models for studies of AIDS, many results have been

When a chimpanzee has the virus it is called SIV. A chimpanzee can live safely and unharmed with SIV for a lifetime. Unfortunately the transmission and mutation of the virus likely came from the blood into a cut or consumption of the chimpanzee. The virus then would be passed from human to human through blood, sex, and even breast milk. HIV was discovered in West Africa in 1983 and was shown to bring the carriers life to an end within nine to eleven years after contracting the virus.

It is believed that the first case of HIV/AIDs was first recorded somewhere in West Africa somewhere in the beginning of the twentieth century. Since then, it has spread across central Africa, undetected for a long time. But the question that has bewildered many, is how HIV spread in the first place. According to “Natural Transfer Theory”, HIV was spread to humans through chimpanzees. “Africans have been killing and eating monkey for at least fifty thousand years” (43). It was common for small African communities to hunt and eat chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were said to have “SIVs, simian immunodeficiency viruses that closely resembles HIV” (41). The virus is said to have spread to humans through these infected chimpanzees. The blood of these chimpanzees could have

Diseases can cause a devastating effect on both the human body, and also the human population. Throughout several time periods of the present and past, diseases have caused a humongous impact in several society's in different countries around the world. Several large pandemics and epidemics have killed off the population of many species including humans and primates. Wether the time period is in the present or as far back as the Middle Ages, each and every one of these diseases, have had a life threatening outbreak, across several developing countries. Three known diseases have all created a huge conflict on different civilizations, causing different, unanswered questions to arise. A lot of research has gone into each individual disease, to

In Survival of the Sickest, Dr. Sharon Moalem shares his perspective on “modern disease” and how exactly these disease came to be- through evolution. Revolving around the concept that “whatever let you live another day was evolutionarily desirable”, Dr. Moalem revealed that diseases found in humans were actually all just the result of the same process that distinguished the species from other life: natural selection. Moreover, the diseases that were killing us now- actually gave us (our predecessors) happier, longer lives tens, hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years ago. In a way, Dr. Moalem suggested that diseases were almost a defense mechanism- spurred by humankind’s desperate struggle to survive in times of crisis (e.g. plagues, Ice Ages, natural disaster).

A chimp nearly a million years ago was hunting and ate a Red-Capped Mangabey and a Spot-Nosed Geunon and was then exposed to their versions of the HIV virus. Somehow there becomes a single cell in the chimp infected with both viruses and an enzyme slips while copying one virus and finishes the copy with the other virus. This new infected cell thrives and this chimp becomes patient zero. Then, a hunter in the southeast of the Congo gets infected by the blood of said chimp when he kills/butchers it. When he travels to a nearby village to sell this meat he could then infect a woman who could have relations with a fisherman and infect him. Then, he goes down the main river and to an even bigger town with prostitutes and such and infect more people

To begin with, many scientists found that HIV is related to a similar virus found in chimpanzee after conducting many researched they believe the virus was passed down from monkey hunters to human. Moreover, the first known case of HIV was reported in 1920 in

Repeatedly throughout human history disease, and illness epidemics have altered the timelines of many civilizations across our globe. Thousands of diseases have been progressively recorded over time, nonetheless many of them have been eradicated due to the evolution of medical advancements. In today’s modern history new diseases are continuously discovered, while a few remain persistent from the past. An extravagant amount of history surrounds epidemics, they can lead to the social explanations for human’s actions during a time.

According to (Avert.org) “In 1999, a strain of SIV (called SIVcpz) was found in a chimpanzee that was almost identical to HIV in humans.The researchers who discovered this connection concluded that it proved chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans”

The way diseases spread is fairly uniform from disease to disease, interaction with foreign land or those who dwell on that land. Thus, foreign trade and travel, boat, ship, land, or plane, is a crucial tool in the spread of a disease, turning it into a national or even worldwide

Humans as well as animals migrate and these actions allow diseases to spread from place to place. The Black Death was caused by the fleas that were in the commodities that traveled down the Silk Road.4 If human migration and large-scale trade had not been present during that time period, the fleas would never have infected all of Europe. The reason for large-scale trading, both then and now, is that more trade results in greater amounts of money, causing prosperity and a better economy. The river Thames, in England, was the site where a large number of ships came and went, transporting people and cargo. These ships helped the spread of The Black Death.5 Similar to the Silk Road and the River Thames, Aedes Aegypti, a type of mosquito, came to Latin America on ships involved in the slave trade.6 This mosquito is the animal that carries the Zika virus. The mosquito was originally native to Africa but because of the large migration of many people to fuel slavery and free labor, the virus inside of the mosquitos was able to reach foreign lands. Ebola is spread through human-to-human contact.7 When people touch each other by either a hug or just a handshake, they can spread Ebola. When the infected people migrate to other places, the Ebola virus is spread from community to community. It is and always has been human nature to want to explore and meet new people. The only problem with this side of human nature is

This paper breaks down and defines what SIV is, the different subfields involved, and which species they originate from. The zoonotic transmission of the SIV virus from these non-human primates is discussed as well. As a result of these transmissions, the human immunodeficiency virus is brought to life. In this paper, this virus and its journey throughout history will be explained. Also, HIV and the different subfields this virus can be classified in are discussed throughout the research. As well as the where this virus was contracted, about the time when, and how it was possible. Also, the modern day methods of contracting this virus are listed in detail throughout the paper. The process of contraction of HIV through zoonotic transmissions is elaborated. An estimate on just how many of these animal-to-human transmissions that happened leading to HIV/AIDS is given. Lastly, the causes of how this virus was spread globally are broken down and explained each step of the way. This paper uses scholarly journals as references from a few different sources, including: Proquest, Academic OneFile, and Google Scholar.