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All Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer

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If a farmer breeds cows, treats them as well as possible, and then kills them as painlessly as possible at age three for food, utilitarians and sentientist Kantians alike would believe this is morally justifiable. Utilitarians believe that humans should do what maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain, so while the cows may have an immediate interest in avoiding suffering, they have lived a happy life and have no concept of death, so painlessly killing and eating them would not be morally wrong. Sentientist Kantians would also believe that there is nothing wrong with killing the cows for food because Kantians believe that, given that there was no cruelty involved with raising and killing the cows, the cows are merely a means to an end.
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However, if the animals were treated well and were killed painlessly, that would not be morally wrong because, in this case, eating meat is only wrong when the animals are not treated as well as they could be. Singer believes that every sentient being should receive equal consideration, but he is aware that humans and non-human animals do not deserve the same rights because different beings have different interests (Singer 149). An example Singer gives is that it would not be wrong to deny dogs the right to vote because dogs are incapable of understanding the significance of voting, so they cannot have the right to vote, but it would be wrong to deny a dog’s interest in not suffering since dogs have a strong interest in avoiding pain (Singer 149).
The utilitarian position only objects to suffering, not to killing, so Singer argues that the moral permissiveness of killing the cows depends on whether or not the cows have an interest in continuing to exist in the future. Since cows are non-self-conscious and do not have an interest in continuing to exist into the future, painlessly killing them would not be morally wrong. In order for a being to have an interest in continuing to exist in the future, it must first be able to conceive of itself as existing into the future, which requires the being to be self-conscious, according to Michael Tooley in “Are Nonhuman Animals Persons?” (358). Non-self-conscious beings are not harmed by their deaths

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