Vic Gatrell’s The Hanging Tree explores the opinions of average and lower-class citizens on public hangings on England from 1770 until 1868 rather than the opinions of bureaucrats, royalty, and other elites as many similar histories do. He argues that the opinions of lower-class citizens grew more and more unfavorable during this time, and the movement of executions to a private setting in the 1860s was a direct result of the diminishing support for public executions. At the same time, the gradual shift among elites and other government officials toward the abolishment of public executions was a reaction against increasingly unruly crowds and the squeamishness toward the spectacle of the execution (67). This book is organized into six sections with a total of 21 chapters. The first section describes the mentality of the audience present at public executions, and the second section covers the private opinions of plebian, or lower class citizens on execution. The third section defends Gatrell’s argument that the outlawing of public executions was more of a solution to large rioting crowds than it was for humanitarian purposes. The fourth and fifth sections offer detailed accounts of specific court cases that demonstrate the unfairness and ineffectiveness of the Blood Code and public execution in England. Finally, the sixth section contains Gatrell’s argument against those who deem themselves “reformers” who, in Gatrell’s opinion, only reformed out of self-interest to dispel
Though it may seem that the debate over the death penalty only most recently surfaced, the dreadful tradition of capital punishment arrived in the United States at the time of the colonists. In the 17th century, most people were hung, beheaded, burned alive, or crushed under stones. All of these were in public, where a large crowd gathered to watch the horrible sight, similar to the tradition in old Europe. Eventually, the 19th century favored hanging as the most common form of execution. This marked the start of a more humane approach accepted as constitutional as executions moved away from the public eye. More developments came in the 1800’s as a movement to abolish capital punishment arose. This effort was stalled for a time during the Civil
The essay “A Hanging” by George Orwell speaks to the reader about the author’s stance on capital punishment. I believe that Orwell was able to communicate his point, without actually saying I’m against capital punishment, through three steps. The first step is to set the mood and bring you into his perspective. From the dreary description of the morning to the slow procession of the condemned man to the gallows, Orwell puts the reader in a mood that conveys the experience of watching a man die. The second step is to compare himself to the condemned man, showing how we are all equal. A life is a life, whether you are a condemned man or not. The third step is to show how everyone tries to cope with the aftermath of the execution. This
Capital punishment is a subject full of controversy. When it comes to the topic of the death penalty, most of us will readily agree that it’s a grim subject. Where this agreement usually ends however, is on the question of how necessary it is. Whereas some are convinced that capital punishment is not only cruel its useless as well, others maintain that it is necessary for justice to be adequately served . In the article “The Penalty of Death” by H.L. Mencken the author addresses the objections against the death penalty as well as his stand on the whole issue while using several rhetorical strategies to not only get his viewpoint across but, make the reader really think about their own stand on the death penalty. Three of the most effective
In David M. Oshinsky’s book, Capital Punishment on Trial: Furman v. Georgia and the Death Penalty in Modern America, he discussed the case of Furman v. Georgia. He explores the controversy that capital punishment holds in the United States of America. The death penalty has been in practice for many centuries. For example, “In Massachusetts, where religion had played a key role in settlement, crimes like blasphemy, witchcraft, sodomy, adultery, and incest became capital offenses, through juries sometimes hesitated to convict” (Oshinsky, 2010). For the punishment of death these offenses do not fit the crime. However, capital punishment at this time was rarely criticized. The death penalty demanded many executions including public ones. Many of these were hangings and were public events. After the American Revolution the death penalty began to be questioned. For example, Benjamin Rush stated, “Capital punishments are the offspring of monarchial governments. Kings believe that they possess their crowns by a divine right. They assume the divine power of taking away human life” (Oshinsky, 2010). By the 1840’s there were organized groups opposing the death penalty such as the Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment. Within the coming years, the support for capital punishment fluctuated. Throughout the book, Oshinsky explores the many cases leading up to the Furman v. Georgia decision.
The essay I chose to read was “Planting a Tree” by Edward Abbey. To me, the most interesting part of this essay is the shift from describing the terrain, to describing the missile bases located in the area. The way the author describes the military is simply fascinating ,”The life expectancy of the average Tucsonan, therefore, is thirty minutes-or whatever it takes for an ICBM to shuttle from there to here.” Also, whenever the author describes the great contemporary empires ,”Like mortally wounded tyrannosaurs, they thrash out in frenzy, seeking enemies, destroying thousands of innocent lives with each blind spasm of reaction.” The author’s use of active verbs and language makes this story develop in such a way that the story will never fall
Capital punishment was both frowned upon by the church and yet exciting and entertaining for the colonists. The most common way that the towns executed people was by hanging. Many towns did not have a formal gallows, so they made up for it in other ways. Religiously, the magistrates wished to avoid the death penalty if they could, however, if there was no other way, they would allow it. The people, on the other hand, saw public punishment as entertainment. Execution was the front runner of any of the possible entertainment and was preferred in comparison to others. With the stress of having someone’s neighbors rooting for blood and entertainment did not help the tensions already plaguing the area.
In Jim’s case, the subject of “excitement and prejudice in the public mind” is greatly emphasized; a large amount of hype surrounded the trial, which consequently may have altered the decision made by the courts. During this time, executions were still part of a public spectacle. Stemming back to European and colonial society, executions, especially hangings, were a large form of public entertainment that brought the whole community together. In one perspective the execution may have created a hole in society, but with the development of executions as communal spectacles, the hole is mended, and instead brings the community together in a sense through the removal of a “bad” in their society. Jim’s case comes during a time in which there was a large amount of fear surrounding slave revolts- with Jim his act of violence likely sparked a sense of fear throughout his community. By deciding to sentence Jim to hanging, this would act to reassure the community with a sense of safety to enforce the superiority of the “better”
There have been many different types of forms used when it comes to punishing the accused offender. In the past the punishment methods used ranged anything from stoning to death, to setting someone alive on fire, hanging, or the beheading of someone, alongside with the attaching of the offender’s arms and legs to four separate horses, or oxen only to be pulled apart. In all these barbaric and inhuman acts by our standards today, were performed within the towns square so that the community and visitors would be able to witness these executions.
We discussed the recent mob uprising and the state of unrest in the community. It was the judgment of all present that the life of the defendant, even if the wrong man, could not be saved; that an appeal would so inflame the public that the jail would be attacked and perhaps other prisoners executed by violence. In the opinion of all of us a case was presented where the defendant, now that he had been convicted by a jury, must die by the judgment of the law, or else, if his case were appealed, he would die by the act of the uprising of the people (Pfeifer, “United”).
An innocent man is wrongly executed whilst a man who raped and murdered a mother and her thirteen year old daughter spends the rest of his life with three meals a day and cable television. Which of these is the bigger injustice? The use of the death penalty to punish serious crimes is a very controversial topic and there is much debate surrounding the issue. This paper will briefly discuss arguments supporting and against the use of the death penalty.
In the Penal Colony, executions were once acceptable and legal because people approved of them. An example is when the officer explained, “How we all took in the expression of transfiguration on the martyred face! How we held our cheeks in the glow of this justice.” ( Kafka, pg.10) The officer and the audience saw it not as
In 1560, Arnaud du Tilh - the imposter who posed as Martin Guerre - was hanged, with his body burned after his death. Today, execution is a controversial issue, and mediaeval and early modern executions (especially public executions) are viewed through the lens of enlightenment rationalism. However, this is not how public execution was always seen. When studying history, it is important that the historian does not view history through the lens of their own time, but instead the lens of the time they are viewing. This is one of the aims of studying microhistory - to provide the lens through which to observe a place and time. This is how I shall endeavour to use the fascinating case of the faux Martin Guerre - as a lens through which to view the attitudes, methods and reasoning behind public executions, including the execution that claimed the life of Arnaud du Tilh. It was the attitudes towards and legal philosophy of the time towards crime and punishment that led to Arnaud du Tilh’s sentence, so the fundamental question that this essay seeks to answer is why Arnaud was given the sentence that he was. Execution as an institution was not an extension of the state, as it is often seen today, but was instead an extension of the community that was seen as a normal part of the ‘divine order’. Arnaud du Tilh was executed by hanging and then burned due to the specific Christian and folk beliefs and symbolism surround methods of execution, and the execution was public not as a
‘The execution of the idle apprentice at Tyburn’, on July 1st, 1795 illustrates the darkness of the early modern world. This picture captivates the cruel form of entertainment that early modern society experienced. The photo emulates a degree of carnivalesque tone because the death of a criminal is used as a spectacle for entertainment and to promote fear and order to transgress throughout society. This picture highlights the harsh punishment early modern society practiced on criminals. This picture demonstrates the mockery and disdain society expressed towards subordinates. The extensive, indulgent and crude crowd highlights their perception of the insignificance of human life. For example, the crowd absorbs the child on the floor, on the bottom left corner and their ignorance is evidently displayed through their lack of awareness and cruel nature of the woman and man who appear to be
In the chapter, “The body of the Condemned,” Foucault addresses the evolution of the punishment system and how it has gone from being a public spectacle to something that is done behind closed doors. Foucault opens the chapter with an extremely descriptive and gory representation of a public execution. The purpose of this was to display how execution have changed from being in the public eye to behind closed doors using the electric chair and legal injections. It was done in this fashion to deter individuals from committing heinous crimes. Today, the cost of prison time, fines, etc.. deter individuals instead. Punishment has become less about effecting the body and more about the changing the souls and integrating them back into society.
reader of the “unspeakable wrongness” of capital punishment, it also gave a critical view of British