Benchmarking LMDB and LevelDB for deep learning
Weiyue Wang
ABSTRACT
Deep learning is a new emerging area of machine learning research, which has been shown to produce state-of-the-art results on various tasks. A high performance database management in deep learning framework will help increase learning efficiency. This work compares the performance of two key value data storage, Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (LMDB) and google LevelDB, for deep learning framework. Our key findings are followings. 1.Introduction
Deep Learning (DL) has been shown to outperform most traditional machine learning methods in fields like computer vision, natural language processing, and bioinformatics. DL seeks to model high-level abstractions of data by constructing multiple layers with complex structures, which compose of hundreds millions of parameters to be tuned. For example, a deep learning structure for processing visual and other two-dimensional data, convolutional neural network (CNN) [1], which consists of three convolutional layers and three pooling layers, has more than 130 millions of parameters if the input has 28x28 pixels. While these large neural networks are powerful, we need high amount of training data. DL tasks need considerable data storage and memory bandwidth.
Key-value stores provide users simple yet powerful interface to data storage, which are often used in complicated systems. [2] LMDB is a framework that provides high-performance key-value storage
Even though we had a lot of success in our study, we ran into several limitations. Our first limitation was our choice of software. We chose KNIME as our software because anyone can access it without any real difficulty, and it is free and downloadable on any computer. With that being said, we first ran into the issue of having too much data. The software was incapable and too slow to use the majority of the data we had. The other limitation we had with KNIME was being unable to run our initial deep learning model, which was already discussed in the previous
This paper suggests Persistent transactional memory referred as PTM, which casts longevity to transactional memory by integrating with the Nonvolatile memory (NVM). Persistent transactional memory find out all the updates to cache lines to make sure the Atomicity, Consistency and Isolation properties during overflow of cache.PTM consistently recovers the transactional data structures from crash of a machine or a computer. A preparatory assessment utilizing a simultaneous key/worth store and a database with a reserve based test system demonstrates that the extra reserve line flushes are
Key-values stores: Strength: Simplest and easiest to implement. However, one of the weaknesses is that it doesn't perform well when querying or updating a particular value.
Relational database management system (RDBMS) have used for many decades. However, these databases are facing several challenges with the requirements of many organizations like high scalability and availability. They cannot deal with huge amount of data and requests efficiently. As a result, famous organizations such as Google and Amazon shift from RDBMS to NoSQL databases. NoSQL databases have several features that overcome issues. This paper explains features, principles, and data models of NoSQL databases. However, the main focus of this paper is to compare and evaluate two of the most popular NoSQL databases which are MongoDB and Cassandra.
ABSTRACT:-“ Instead of relying on expensive, proprietary hardware and different systems to store and process data, enables distributed parallel processing of huge amounts of data across inexpensive, industry-standard servers that both store and process the data, and can scale without limits. With no data is too big. And in today’s hyper-connected world where more and more data is being created every day, breakthrough advantages mean that businesses and organizations can now find value in data that was recently considered useless.
With the development of the Internet and cloud computing, there need databases to be able to store and process big data effectively, demand for high-performance when reading and writing, so the traditional relational database is facing many new challenges. Especially in large scale and high-concurrency applications, such as search engines and SNS, using the relational database to store and query dynamic user data has appeared to be inadequate. In this case, NoSQL database created.
Key value store is a concept of storing the data value inside a key and Redis uses this concept. A particular benefit of key-value stores is their simplicity and It supports such as data structures such as strings, hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets with range queries and bitmaps. Whereas in Neo4j, the application data is stored in the form graphs, nodes and relationships. Neo4j Graph database follows Property Graph Model to store and manage data. Data has to be represented in Nodes, Relationships and Properties. Relationships connects nodes and it can be unidirectional or bidirectional. Properties are key-value pairs.
We have come into the era of Big Data. As (Atikoglu, Xu, Frachtenberg, Jiang, & Paleczny, 2012) stated, the need for efficiently storing large-scale data in scale-out companies at lower cost is dramatically increasing. Therefore Key-Value Store has occurred in popularity. (Fitzpatrick, 2004) has clarified that KV stores plays an essential role in lots of huge websites such as Facebook, Twitter, GitHub and Amazon. This paper reviewed 6 popular key-value stores and distinguished primary features, performance and availability of each. The six systems are Hyperdex, Dynamo, SILT, Project-Voldemort used by LinkedIn, Berkeley DB and LevelDB used by Google.
conventional social database engine. In SQL Server, BLOBs can be standard varbinary (max) information that stores the information in tables, or filestream varbinary (max) protests that store the information in the document framework. The major advantage of this approach is BLOB’s are under database transactional consistency.
The capacity and ease to store data on servers, whether cloud or physical has increased drastically over last couple of years. Three of the market leaders in storage drives reported a combined shipment of 605 exabytes of data in 2016[1]. In biomedical engineering, there have been tens of thousands of terabytes of fMRI images with each image containing more than thousands of voxel values and twitter generates 8 Terabytes of tweets every day. Data is getting generated and consumed at a pace never before [2]. The main challenges for informatics arising from analysis of big data, namely, Systematic Biases, Overfitting and High dimensionality, are briefed
This data revolution has led to an exponential growth in digital data making database management systems (DBMS) one of the major energy consumers in data centers. Enterprise server systems reportedly operated on over 9 zettabytes (1 zettabyte = 1021 bytes) of data in 2008 [2], with data volumes doubling every 12 to 18 months. Businesses such as Amazon and Wal-Mart heavily rely
MongoDB, IBM Cloudant, RethinkDB, Elasticsearch , CouchDB, ArangoDB, OrientDB, Couchbase Server, SequoiaDB, Clusterpoint Server, JSON ODM, NeDB, Terrastore, RavenDB, AmisaDB, JasDB, RaptorDB, Djondb, densodb, SisoDB, SDB, NoSQL embedded db, ThruDB, iBoxDB, BergDB, MarkLogic Server, EJDB (Mohamed et al., 2014; Okman et al., 2011).
Fundamentally Versatile: At its heart HDP offers linear scale storage and compute across a wide range of access methods from batch to interactive, to real time, search and streaming. It includes a comprehensive set of capabilities across governance, integration, security and operations.
A proper activation function significantly improves the performance of a deep neural network. Rectified linear unit proposed by (ReLU) (Nair and Hinton 2010) is one of the most widely used activation functions. The ReLU activation function is defined as: f(x) = max(x,0). Effectively, ReLU is a linear function that prunes the negative part to zero and retains the positive part as is. Intuitively, ReLU avoids the vanishing gradient problem by setting the positive part to identity. (Krizhevsky et al., 2012) showed that that deep networks can be efficiently trained using ReLU even without pre-training. Compared to tanh and sigmoid neurons, that involve expensive operations, the ReLU can be implemented by simply
NoSQL Databases also referred as Not only SQL databases. These NoSQL database have these days gained much attention and reputation because of their performance and high scalability. The advantage of NoSQL database is to store efficiently unstructured data. These days use of e-commerce websites, social networking sites etc. has been increased. These usage made to create the need to store the large data. Some companies have adopted NoSQL databases, as their data is growing. Dynamo, Big table, Voldemort, Cassandra are the NoSQL databases that are used by Amazon, Google, and LinkedIn and Facebook respectively. Facing these huge data has become challenging for Relational Database Management Systems. Hence NoSQL database came into existence. Mostly Relational Database Management System satisfies ACID properties, through NoSQL database we can achieve high level of Scalability and performance. As a lot of sensitive data is stored in NoSQL databases security issues becomes growing concerns.