British Governments' Promotion of Disarmament and International Harmony

Harding Coolidge during his presidency came up with a Kellogg-Briand Pact. The message of this act was for the an international agreement, they would sign this meaning that “any dispute or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. Any country failing to keep this international treaty would, “be denied of the benefits of this treaty”. This treaty was originally made by the United States and three countries signed it to start this international treaty. Germany, France, and the US all agreed and signed this treaty outlawing any kind of dispute between any countries. This treaty was signed on August 27th, 1928, and many other countries soon followed their footsteps and signed the document. In the end a total of sixty two countries signed this document all in the course of one year. In the United states they brought this to the senate, it was a resounding yes by the senate of eighty-five to one! The effect of this treaty was overwhelming. The treaty was overall working and no big wars had erupted since that treaty, civil wars were still happening in the mid east though. However this treaty did not stop the militarism all the countries are used to having. And a historian Harold Josephson said,”this made no immediate contribution to peace throughout the countries and did not live up to the aim of stopping war and

When World War I ended in 1918, the victorious allied leaders wanted a treaty that would prevent another war from happening. Unfortunately it didn’t prevent another war from happening, it provoked one. The British,

The Treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany by the Triple Entente, France, Russia, and Great Britain, at the end of World War 1. France used the treaty to get revenge and security, while Britain wanted imperial gains and Italy and Japan wanted territorial gains. The treaty stated that Germany must: limit its army to 100,000 men, give up its colonial possessions, pay reparations to the winning state, accept full responsibility for the war, and allow the Rhineland to be occupied for 15 years. Germany was also forced to sign the treaty in order to remain a unified country. The United States wanted to gain world peace and continued world trade from the treaty. Due to this, Woodrow Wilson backed out of the treaty and withdrew the United States involvement. Wilson came to Versailles hoping that measures would be taken to restore peace with Europe. However, once he read the treaty he soon learned that the last thing that would be achieved was peace. He was appalled by the enormous weight put on Germany’s shoulders, and even said, “the exactions of this treaty are more than the German people can bear.” Wilson wanted an end to come to all the alliances that had started World War One. He thought the Treaty would achieve this, but in his opinion, it only increased the divide between Germany and other European countries. Wilson even offered a counter proposal stating that Germany offers to proceed with their own disarmament in advance, in order to show that they will help to

Foch stated, “This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years” (Reynaud 457). Ignoring them was Alfred Lord Milner, the British Colonial Secretary. He even proceeded to call the Treaty of Versailles “the peace to end peace.”

In 1871, Germany became the highest power in European politics, which resulted in naval and economic rivalries.”Minor incidents, occurring in Manila Bay, Beijing, Samoa, and Venezuela, ultimately escalated to Germany's submarine warfare against merchant shipping which caused the United States to enter World War I.” In WW1 the U.S and Germany fought against each other. President Wilson presented his idea of Fourteen Points. The Fourteen points was a basis for peace. “It called for the abandonment of secret international agreements, a guarantee of freedom of the seas, the removal of tariff barriers between nations, reductions in national armaments, an adjustment of colonial claims with due regard to the interests of the inhabitants affected, self-rule and unhampered economic development for European nationalities.” After ww1 in 1919, the Allied powers held a peace conference to talk about formulating peace with the Central powers. “The treaty between the U.S. and Germany, formally titled the "Treaty between the United States and Germany Restoring Friendly Relations" was signed in Berlin on August 25, 1921.” This is an example of how foreign relations changed after

World War I was one of the most destructive wars in modern history. Nearly ten million soldiers died as result, in part, from the introduction of new weapons, like the machine gun and gas warfare, as well as the failure of military leaders to adjust their tactics to the increasingly mechanized nature of warfare. Viewing Germany as the chief instigator of the conflict, the Allied Powers decided to impose particularly harsh terms and conditions upon defeated Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, signed June 28, 1919, did little to shape any sort of long-term peace from the results of World War I. Instead, the treaty, hastily put together, was vague, exposed the Allies’ inability to cooperate toward an agreement, and fueled German nationalism from resentment over its treatment by the Allies. It was doomed from the start, and another war was practically certain. The main reasons for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles to establish the long-term peace it envisioned involved the Allies disagreement on how to treat Germany, Germany’s refusal to accept the terms of reparations, the “war-guilt” clause which led to growing German resentment and nationalism, and the lack of enforcement and willingness of the Allied powers combined with the United States’ isolationism.

The only obstacle in Churchill’s way following the signing of the Franco-German armistice was convincing France of his prediction of impending doom. It might have seemed as though Churchill’s determination to prevent Germany from having the French Fleet would have declined after the signing of the armistice between France and Germany. However, Churchill and British officials’ commitment to stopping a potential seizure of the French Fleet by Germany did not fade. The armistice between France and Germany only intensified Churchill’s desire to thwart the possibility. To illustrate, Churchill and the British War Cabinet reacted to Article VIII of the Franco-German armistice with unease.20The wording used in Article VIII worried Churchill and the

In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech to Congress establishing post World War 1 aims and promoting World Peace; “ the process of peace [...] shall be absolutely open.” However, after the rejection of the Versailles Treaty by the Republican Senate in 1920, the US continued its place of isolationism, thus refusing to play an international role corresponding to its economic might. After the failure of the Versaille Treaty, many turned to the League of Nations to bring global stability. The League Of Nations was created in 1920, in order to ensure another World War would not break out and provide a way to resolve international disputes. The main aims of the organisation included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. However, though championed by President Woodrow Wilson, in 1919, the U.S Senate rejected the League Of Nations and chose not to join in order to maintain their isolationist stance. Furthermore, on August 27 1928, fifteen nations signed the Kellogg- Briand Pact in Paris. The Kellogg Briand Pact was an international agreement in which fifteen nations gathered to renounce war/ aggression as instruments to settling disputes. However, they had no substantial means to enforce the policy considering every nation had their

After the death of Stalin in March of 1953, the starting point of the “thaw” began. Khrushchev had become the head of the Communist Party and one of the most powerful people in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Nikita Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War from 1958 to 1964. He denounced Stalin in order to gain power and although he argued for a form of “peaceful co-existence” between the most powerful two nation, Khrushchev instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis by putting nuclear weapons close to Florida.

As colonies, we should live in peace with Great Britain. Although we have different opinions and we are trying to break away from them we still need to find ways to get along. War and violence is not the answer. Both sides should choose honest men and women to represent the citizens. Great Britain will be able to see how their decisions greatly affected us not just economically but socially. Peace, and equality is the key to declaring our independence.

World War 1 not only changed the landscape of Europe, but it also drastically impacted the future of the world and subsequently, international relations. The devastating loss as a result of the Great War urged world leaders to implement peace settlements and treaties to ensure that the World would not bear witness to such atrocities again. The Allied powers of World War 1 were usually at the forefront of these settlements- not only were they focused on the rebuilding of Europe and its future, but they were also concerned about their empires and colonies across the world. It was at the Paris Peace Conference that the attempts to restore “order” following World War 1 began, and although some of these settlements were successful, others were not.

In this essay, I am going to look at the successes and failures of the League of Nations (LofN) in its struggle for peace throughout the 1920’s. The LofN was the ‘brain child’ of American president Woodrow Wilson. The four other main powers (Britain, France, Japan and Italy) joined along with approximately 60 other countries from around the world. The U.S.A then abandoned its ‘child’ as to social and economic unrest led to a more isolationist foreign policy. Yet the other four main countries continued to support the LofN and formed the council, consisting to the ‘most powerful countries’. The LofN was set up to enforce peace in Europe and the world. It created various

Kellogg-Briand Pact/August 27, 1928: This Pact was an agreement to outlaw war, also known as the Pact of Paris, known as this because of the place of where it was signed. This act was to help prevent another world war from happening, unfortunately having little efforts to stop the rising militarism of the 1930’s and in all preventing WW II from actually happening.

Initially the need for a world revolution dominated Bolshevik ideals to such an extent that foreign policy in the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was regarded as unnecessary. Soviet Policy was dominated by conflicting ideologies; the Marxist ideological view, and the Commissariat’s traditional policy theory. By co-operating with both mindsets, the Communist International, or Comintern, was created in order to work towards global revolution. In 1922, under the control of Vladimir Lenin, the Treaty of Rapallo was signed. This enabled both Germany and Russia to unite and benefit from one another’s trade and security, as well as providing each other with training aid and weapon testing grounds. In 1926, the USSR signed another treaty with Germany, the Treaty of Berlin, which promised that if either nation was at war with a third power, the other would remain neutral. However, whilst ties between Germany and the USSR were being created Britain posed as an unwanted burden to the Soviets as it renounced trade ties and diplomatic recognition of the communist regime. During this, on Russia’s Eastern border both China and Japan fought back against their Soviet counterparts. By 1934, the Soviet Union had joined the League of Nations, a League put in place to attempt to keep peace and relinquish violence within Europe. With the further rise of Germany’s Adolf Hitler, came the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, however the treaty did not last long.

Written in the wake of what was declared to be “The War to end all wars”, World War One, the Kellogg-Briand pact was signed by fifteen countries initially. After which an additional thirty-one countries would sign. Effective July 24th, 1929 when the ratifications were deposited in Washington DC, the Kellogg-Briand Pact contained three articles. The Kellogg-Briand Pact (KBP) was designed to be structured in such a way as to remove armed conflict as a tool in the cabinet of nation’s foreign policy.