Candide, Macbeth and Oedipus Rex

Fate and free will are very closely connected. Both rely on each other in order for destinies to be created. It could be seen throughout the scarlet letter that when characters had a greater power to make their own choices, rather than following fate, they had more strength to change the original course of their destiny. Free will choices can determine one’s fate.

Fate vs Free Will is one of the most oft used literary techniques in writing. It is never more evident than in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth. The major theme of the story Macbeth is whether or not the story is fueled by the free will of Macbeth, or by his fate. Are the events in Macbeth a result of his mentality and outlook on life, or were they going to happen no matter what? Almost every major event that takes place can be traced back to this question. It can be viewed in different ways, and most people have their own opinions. Dissecting this question is a part of what makes teaching Macbeth still have so much value to this day. But there is a clear answer to this question upon further dissection. The story of Macbeth is fueled by his free

Fate as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary is ‘an inevitable and often adverse outcome, condition, or end’. Sophocles discusses fate vs free will in his plays. In the play Oedipus Rex there was a prophecy that Oedipus was destined to kill his father and marry his mother, he attempts to escape his destiny by running away to Thebes where he meets his fate. In the play Antigone, that main character Antigone decides to go against Creon’s (her uncle who has inherited the throne) decree and bury the brother, Polynices, knowing the consequences would lead to her death. In Sophocles’ plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone, the theme is mankind not being able to escape their fate.

The concept of fate has touched many lives throughout the centuries, and over time it, along with its counterpart free will, has [been?] transcended into the form of literature. Its influence is evident in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, particularly in how Pip, and his object of affection, Estella, are repeatedly subjected to preordained events. Furthermore, free will, or the ability to determine our own destiny, also holds sway over the characters in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, specifically Romeo and Juliet themselves. Free will has a greater influence on the characters in Romeo and Juliet than fate, while in Great Expectations, it proves to be the opposite, with fate having more heavily impacted Pip, and his associates.

Voltaire's Candide is a novel that is interspersed with superficial characters and conceptual ideas that are critically exaggerated and satirized. The parody offers cynical themes disguised by mockeries and witticism, and the story itself presents a distinctive outlook on life narrowed to the concept of free will as opposed to blind faith driven by desire for an optimistic outcome. The crucial contrast in the story deals with irrational ideas as taught to Candide about being optimistic by Pangloss, his cheerful mentor, versus reality as viewed by the rest of the world through the eyes of the troubled character, Martin. This raises the question of whether or not the notion of free will is valid due to Candide’s peculiar timing of his

In the story Macbeth, Shakespeare plays the puppet master. He uses witches as a connection between the supernatural and human world. Macbeth is initially described as a valiant and supposedly loyal warrior for his king Duncan. However this quickly changes as the plot unfolds. The witches show a mirror image of Macbeth’s future to Macbeth himself and this is when his true identity begins to emerge. The actions he carries out lead him to power as a king but also to his death. Through this Shakespeare manage to implant a key question in the readers’ minds: what determined Macbeth’s fate? As we learn from reading the book excuses seem to be Macbeth’s hobby and become increasingly more common the further

Pangloss is the teacher of Cunegonde and Candide. Pangloss is a philosopher and supposed to be a very educated man. Pangloss teaches Candide all about this certain philosophy that he himself lives by. Voltaire explains Pangloss’s philosophy like this, Pangloss gave instruction in metaphysico-theologico-cosmolo-nigology. He proved admirably that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause and that in this best of all possible worlds the baron’s castle was the most beautiful of all castles and his wife the best of all possible baronesses. It is clear, said he, that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything necessarily serves the best end. Observe: noses were made to support spectacles, hence we have spectacles. Legs, as anyone can plainly see, were made to be breeched, and so we have breeches. . . . Consequently, those who say everything is well are uttering mere stupidities; they should say everything is for the best(pg. 4) What Voltaire is trying to explain here is that Pangloss thinks that everything happens for a reason and even though it may be something bad, it happens for the best. Pangloss teaches this philosophy with a strong emphasis and he really believes in it.

In Oedipus the King, the theme of fate vs free will appears all through the play. Oedipus throughout the play tries to avoid his inevitable fate, which ironically seems to make his fate come

In our world today, fate and free will remains the biggest mystery of all; is everything we do controlled or do we have the freedom of choice? In the story "Oedipus the King" by Sophocles, the author uses the idea of fate and free will to explain the struggle of Oedipus's life. Fate and free will is explained as; fate is controlled by an outside supernatural force, and there is no way of controlling it. Free will is when each of us is responsible and controls all aspects of our own life. The author of "Oedipus the King" uses ironic devices to convey a tragic attitude toward the struggle of fate and free will.

In a way, Pangloss is Candide’s “father-figure”. As no physical father is present in Candide’s life, Pangloss’s teachings install order and opinion in his world. Whenever introduced to something new- terrible or grand- throughout this novel Candide’s first thought is always about Pangloss; what he would say about it or how he would react. Pangloss physically bounces in and out of this novel, infrequently, but in reference he is in the entire book. Page four in chapter one, while setting up the background for Candide, Voltaire includes an educational and philosophical speech by Pangloss in which he ends by stating, “...all is for the best.” This direct quote continues to influence Candide throughout his quest. This quote initiates an optimistic attitude in Candide which will encourage him throughout his adventures.

Free will is a gift that everyone is born with, but what people do with it can determine our fate. In Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfectionist who believes that he has a deal with fate, which is that it will give him a good life if his choices in life are for good, and this deal makes his life driven by free will to make sure that his fate treats him well. Macbeth violates his own deal and has a physiological crisis, causing him to gain violent tendencies. He is overwhelmed with fear and self-hate after realizing that he broke the deal. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth receives his prophecy from the witches, which he sees as a contract with fate to himself, which he signs, leading to his ambition growing.

Sophocles states that “Fate has terrible power. You cannot escape it by wealth or war. No fort will keep it out, no ships outrun it.” Fate derives from a Latin word, fatum, meaning that one’s future is predetermined. In Oedipus Rex, Sophocles unfolds the misfortune of a noble king who searches for knowledge. Evidently, Greek heroes like Oedipus are destined to rule, but are also bound to fall, therefore, he cannot alter his own fate. This tragic play proves that the power of fate is indeed stronger than one’s free will. Despite his attempts to fight his destiny, Oedipus can never outrun his fate. Regardless of his parents’ desperation to evade the predicted outcome, fate guides his journey for knowledge, leading to his destruction.

Pangloss teaches that they live in the best of all possible worlds. Candide is kicked out of his mini utopia when he has sex with Cunegonde. This is related to the book of Genesis in the bible, just as Adam and Eve are thrown out of the Garden of Eden for eating the forbidden fruit, Candide is evicted from the castle for having sex with Cunegonde, and thus beginning his suffering. Throughout the story, Candide begins to realize the fault of Pangloss’s teachings as he experiences tremendous hardships as he travels the world. Through his travels, he meets people that have experienced hardships worse than his own, further reinforcing the fact that the world cannot possibly be the best it can be. By the end of Candide, Candide is a skeptic of optimism, but understands that we must “cultivate our garden”(p. 75) instead of Pangloss’s “all events are linked together in the best of possible

Fate and free will are two topics that are often questionable because they go hand in hand. Fate is a belief that a certain event is said to happen, then that person's choice and free will lead them to what has been predicted as inevitable. Knowing whether something is fate’s fault or the fault of the person who’s going to enact the said action, is one question that has never been fully answered. In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex and Shakespeare's Macbeth, fate is determined by their own choices and free will, the character Macbeth knows of what lies ahead of him, making him alter the present to create his idealistic future, however instead he lives a life of ruins. As for Oedipus his entire actions are based on one prophecy he desperately

Many famous literary works were written as a way to give commentary on the society in which the author lived such as Voltaire’s’ Candide and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Geoffrey Chaucer, famous for his The Canterbury Tales, and considered instrumental in the creation of English literature, is not as well known for social commentary in his writing. However, The Canterbury Tales do indeed possess insight and analysis of society, namely the role of the authority figures in the Church. Chaucer was critical of the abuses and misuses he saw in the authority within the Church. He demonstrated his awareness of and concern over the problematic behaviors of those in authority in the Church through his writings seen in The Canterbury Tales. Through