Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has contributed to the evolution of modern day cardiac surgery. The establishment of extracorporeal circulation has helped the surgical team to carry out complicated surgical manouevers for treatment of complex cardiac lesions, especially complex congenital cardiac lesions, some of which were hitherto considered as inoperable. The advances in equipment and use of innovative techniques in perfusion have contributed to decreased mortality and/or morbidity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the modern day settings. However the necessity for monitoring the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass is of paramount importance. One of the key areas monitored during CPB is the neurological status of the patient. The inherent features of CPB like unphysiological flows, the fluctuations of temperature (use of hypothermia and rewarming), practices like hemodilution, organ protection strategies and unavoidable consequences like Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), all contribute to neurological sequelae. The possibility of neurological sequelae is enhanced in neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass, wherein the concept of extra-corporeal circulation is stretched to its limits. Hence neurological monitoring assumes a central place in the practice of ‘safe, optimal perfusion’ . …show more content…
It receives almost 14% of the total cardiac output. The average cerebral blood flow is 55ml/min/100gm of brain tissue, which can increase upto 100ml/min/100gm brain tissue in neonates. The brain also contributes to 25% of the Total Oxygen Consumption (3.5mlO2/min/100gm brain tissue). Studies have revealed that the white matter of the brain contributes to almost 94% of the cerebral oxygen consumption whereas the gray matter contributes the remaining 6%. The sensorimotor area of frontal cerebral cortex is most susceptible to ischemic brain injury
Blood vessel length, when increased causes more friction or resistance thus making it more difficult for blood to flow through the vessel. In summation, increasing blood vessel length inversely effects flow rate but decreasing flow rate. My prediction was that an increase in blood vessel length would inversely effect blood flow. As evidenced in this experiment, with the increase of the blood vessel length, there was a decrease in blood flow.
In December of 1992, my paternal grandfather suffered a heart attack. He had been hauling several 50 lb. sacks of corn up into the deer feeder on his property by himself. He got into his truck, turned the ignition, put it into drive and before he could take his foot off the brake, he was dead. He was 68 years old. I was thirteen and that seemed so old. I remember that prior to the event there were many conversations within my family about the condition of my grandfather’s heart and cardiovascular system and how he needed to make lifestyle changes. I remember him taking nitroglycerine pills. I remember him coming to Dallas to go to an appointment so that they could perform tests with names like “stress EKG.” I
Cardiogenic shock is a frequently fatal complication that occurs when the heart cannot pump an adequate amount of blood in order to perfuse tissues. This hypoperfusion causes multiple organ dysfunction and damage which classifies cardiogenic shock a medical emergency. In the past, cardiogenic shock had a poor prognosis. However, currently approximately half of the people that go into cardiogenic shock survive (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2011).
Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, the cardiovascular system is the body system that carries out the tasks of pumping and transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, and other substances throughout the body.
Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. Roughly 550,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year (Emory Healthcare, 2014). Heart failure is a pathologic state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the demand of the body’s metabolic needs or when the ventricle’s ability to fill is impaired. It is not a disease, but rather a complex clinical syndrome. The symptoms of heart failure come from pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation. Individuals experience orthopnea,
Congestive Heart Failure, also known as "cardiac decompensation, cardiac insufficiency, and cardiac incompetence," (Basic Nursing 1111) is an imbalance in pump function in which the heart is failing and unable to do its work pumping enough blood to meet the needs of the body's other organs. To some people, heart failure is defined as a sudden and complete stoppage of heart activityi.e. that the heart just stops beating. This is an inaccuracy. Heart failure usually develops slowly, often over years, as the heart gradually loses its pumping ability and works less efficiently. CHF is a syndrome that affects individuals in different ways and to different degrees. It is usually a chronic disease. It gradually
physical release of all the energy built up in the body does not actually take
Coronary Artery Disease, also known as CAD, is the most common form of heart disease. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Coronary Artery Disease obstructs the blood flow in vessels that provides blood to the heart which is caused by the buildup of plaque on the artery walls. (Rogers, 2011, p.87) (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque is a yellow substance that consists of fat substances, like cholesterol, and narrows or clogs the arteries which prevents blood flow. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque can build up in any artery but usually favors large and medium sized arteries. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009)
The heart, blood and blood vessels make up the basis of the cardiovascular system also known as the circulatory system. The average human body contains approximately 5 litres of blood which is carried around the body via a network of blood vessels split into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries. The arteries are the largest of the three vessels and carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart and are smaller than arteries, then finally the smallest vessels known as capillaries distribute the oxygen rich blood to organs whilst simultaneously picking up the waste carbon dioxide and water from the organs to transport back to the heart where it can be pumped into the lungs to be exhaled.
The cardiac cycle describes the coordinated and rhythmic series of muscular contractions associated with the normal heart beat.
During inspection of the heart assessment observe abnormal finding. Inspect the jugular vein and the carotid artery. Note pallor or cyanotic skin color, temperature, turgor, texture, and clubbing of finger. Observe for swelling, edema and ulceration. Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia caused by a lengthy cardiovascular or respiratory. Poor cardiac output and tissue perfusion is noted by cyanosis and pallor. For dark-skinned, inspect his mucous membranes for pallor. Decreases or absent of pulse with cool, pale, and shiny skin, and hair loss to the area, and the patient may have pain in the legs and feet may indicate arterial insufficiency. Ulcerations typically occur in the area around the toes, and the foot usually turns deep red when dependent
Cardiac catheterization is often referred to as coronary angiography or a coronary angiogram. It is a radiographic procedure that is used to look at and visualize the heart and the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization it is possible for the cardiologist performing the procedure to see how effectively blood is flowing through the coronary arteries. In addition, this procedure allows the cardiologists to see how blood is moving through the chambers of the heart and how effective the heart valves are functioning. A cardiac catheterization can also allow for the visualization of the movement of the walls of the heart to see if the pumping action of the heart is normal.
Blood tests will be done to assess troponin I, troponin T, creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin which are classified as cardiac serum markers (Cardiac Emergencies, n.d.).
It is the time of progress. The time of supercomputers, space shuttles, and many other wonders of technology. We have walked on the moon. We do our shopping at home via Internet navigation.
From the very first time the heart starts pounding until the time of death, it may beat more than 3.5 billion times. The center of the circulatory system is the heart. The average heart beats 100,000 times each day, pushing around 2,000 gallons of blood throughout your body. With a life span of 70-90, the heart will beat two to three billion times and circulate 50-65 million gallons of blood.