In The Turn of the Screw, Henry James employs class divisions through clothing, representing how the characters are inclined to act through their degree of conformity to societal expectations. First published in 1898, by Collier’s Weekly, a magazine company that had a reputation of reporting on integral societal events and topics people considered important to their lives, the magazine commissioned the help of famous writers to write on pressing historical events of the time (Elduff). It grew to be one of the most widely read magazines in the United States by 1892, which allowed James to write a novella that hit on concerns regarding social mobility on a larger scale platform. Since the Victorian era was marked by prosperity and innovations in technology, incomes rose leading to the growing of the middle class. This had a drastic impact on the culture and the elites who feared the middle class movement for “they had many reasons for resenting their practical stigmatization as second class citizens” (Best 238). James highlights this concern through pointing out clothing which denotes which class a characters associated with and coupling this with immoral actions of the times.
Since many people were jostling to get into upper society, certain rules regarding etiquette and dress
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This can be seen in his socially immoral cross-class relations with Miss Jessel, the previous governess. Miss Jessel who’s unmarried, as well as living in Bly with Peter is inferred to have become involved with him becoming pregnant which was quite taboo for the Victorians and disrupted the semblance of self-control and self-discipline that Victorian society functioned off of. Henry James having both of them disappear and later reappear as ghosts in the story reflects the consequences of their actions in partaking in what was considered an immoral cross-class
Losing one’s reputation was paramount to social suicide, and it extended to family, so a father embroiled in a corruption scandal, tainted the whole family, and damaged all of their abilities to move in and up in society (Casey). Morality was very important to Victorian society, and became a topic of contention as the era progressed, “Morality mattered to the Victorians. They had a 'penchant for moral rhetoric' and tended 'to analyse their society, to attack each other, and defend
The three major categories that have been mentioned, respect, leadership, and social image, were the ways that a person with a high ranking of social order would act in public and within their own homes. The Book of The Courtier by Baldassar Castiglione was the base of the modern day books on proper etiquette; yet, the rules are now not only for the rich but also for the
In Lippincott’s Magazine article, published in England in 1877, the revolting yet esteemed admiration Henry James presents about his feelings towards Mr. George Odger, shows how the deceased tried to get into a higher social class, even though he was an untouchable, but ends up failing. He provides admirable words and how the “untouchables” class celebrated his death for recognition on trying to do something with his life. Henry showcases a sense of repulsion as George had no right to go into a higher social class. His place will always be located at the “bottom of the food chain.”
The Victorian Era was known for its propriety, and for its social standards that could be as strict as the caste system in India. Citizens in England of low social regard faced many prejudices and limitations that could be almost insurmountable to overcome. Much like the caste system, people considered to be the dregs of society were often alienated and had little room for opportunity. In Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre, the main character, Jane, suffers social prejudice because she is a simple governess, revealing much about the social stigmas about the working class during the Victorian Era. Jane’s social status limits her not only from being with the one she loves, but also hinders her endeavor to achieve true autonomy.
Daisy Miller examines European high society throughout the 1870s. The societal norms are placed firmly in the beliefs of the class system, social status, and education: all of which are needed in order to successfully assimilate into the world of the upper class. Henry James makes it clear that these norms make up the lives of the high society through his characterization of the “uncultivated” Daisy Miller. Daisy’s character is questionable throughout the novella, and the word “uncultivated” has been necessary to coming to that conclusion.
There was a very clear line in between the wealthy and the poor. Peasants during the era wore layers of belted tunics, cloaks, hats, and boots or clogs for warmth. These types of clothing would never be seen on the wealthier class of people. Many fashion trends from the renaissance time period carried on from time period to time period and are very prevalent still today.
Men in the Elizabethan Era were not allowed to wear whatever they wanted. They had to follow laws, known as the Sumptuary laws, which was basically a dress code for society. While rich men indulged in flaunting their riches, poor people were known and treated with less respect. Even though the Sumptuary laws were
All three characters share these intricate relationships with one another. James’ tone reflects the character’s personality that he is trying to develop. Without this helpful device, it would be nearly impossible to tell the intention of the characters’ words. For instance, when Mrs.Moreen unveils Morgan’s illness it would be difficult to distinguish whether she felt sympathy for her child or if she was in fact disgusted by it. The triangle of troubles and desires also make for the tangled web of connections. Pemberton wants money, Mrs.Moreen doesn’t want to bother with Morgan, and Morgan wishes to get away from his home. The passage is an excellent depiction of how conflicted relationships and the motives that drive them can be. These themes
During the Regency era appearance was extremely important. If a woman arrived at a party under or overdressed she would be mocked and ridiculed for days by other women. Since propriety was valued as well, those who were dressed scandalously would be avoided by others to safeguard their reputation. Appearance was also and indicator of social status and wealth, which determined whether or not a person was
Then there were the upper classes. The upper classes wore jewelry, both the men and women. The women wore a dress with one bare shoulder, and the men wore skirts. In the winter when it was colder, they wore wool cloaks. This social class was usually rich individuals, government officials, and warriors.
Societal ‘norms’ surrounding gender have continuously remained prominent internationally. Although these standards and expectations continue to shift, women still face oppression today. The novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, demonstrates the expectations of women and their relationships to men in 1920’s New York City through one of the main characters, Daisy Buchanan. A vast majority of Daisy’s actions are to entice and cater to the superior men of the novel. Through this, I was able to reflect upon the evolution of society’s stereotypes surrounding women from the 1920’s. Initially, from reading the novel, I learned about the period of the roaring twenties and how the aspect of class affects the
The novel The Great Gatsby was written in a time and place in which the separation between classes based on money was a great factor. The two rich classes were the old money and the new money. The two classes were also physically separated. East Egg is for the great “old money” and West Egg is for the “new money”. This segregation based on class is a problem discussed by the Marxists. They understood the huge differences and were the people who believed that there should be no class separation. The Marxist idea of class separation is well depicted in the character Jay Gatsby and his passionate fighting against the class system, in Tom Buchanan’s arrogance and power, typical for the rich people, and in the way George Wilson’s life is negatively influenced by his interactions with the higher class.
For many centuries clothing was used namely as a form of symbolising one’s ascribed class and social honour. A good example of this was evident in Feudal European times when sumptuary laws were created in order to regulate and specify
Over the years, society has created and recreated different ideas of what is considered socially acceptable and what customs to follow on a daily basis. These ideas are constantly changing and renewing themselves, making even last year’s behavioral habits seem crude. For instance, life in Elizabethan England contrasted with how life is now because people acted differently, dressed differently, spoke differently, and in a general, broader sense, they lived differently. Because people grow and change and learn from their previous mistakes, Elizabethan customs are practically obsolete due to their lack of effectiveness or rather the lack of need for them to continue.
In Victorian England, “the bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation” (Engels). This upper middle class, the bourgeois, was divided into separate spheres determined by their “natural characteristics” such as being male or female (Gender 1). The bourgeois society’s main concern was their outward appearance and materialism while gaining respectability among their social class. A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, criticizes Victorian bourgeois society and their strict adherence to gender roles. As Nora Helmer walked away from her family, she generated a “door slam heard around the world” (“A Doll’s House” 1).