Corina Tabron. 4/28/2017. Bio 351-02. Summary And Critique

1. Describe the function of the following pieces of safety equipment and how each might be used: (10 points)

After settling in America, colonists felt that their natural rights were being violated under British rule. This sparked their desire for self-government and independence from the British Empire. Under British rule, Parliament had the power to impose laws and taxes upon the colonies; many of the laws violated natural rights, and taxes were imposed despite the colonies not having representation in Parliament. These injustices encouraged colonists to fight for independence, basing their argument upon the philosophy of natural rights. Leaders of the colonies drafted the Declaration of Independence, which listed the many injustices and declared the colonies

tells me how I breath, eat, use my brain, etc. The decisions I make all reflect around

Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)

Breast Cancer is a type of cancer where in the breast cells growth are uncontrolled. To enhance our understanding of breast cancer, knowing how any cancer can develop is crucial. Cancer develops as a result of the alteration of the genes, or abnormal changes in the genes accountable for managing the growth of the cells and maintaining their health. In each nucleus, the genes operates as the “control room.” The cells in our bodies replace themselves through a process called cell growth in which the

Cancer occurs when cells in the human body create irregularities and start to duplicate at anomalous quick rates. The outcome is the development of tumors in or on the surface of the body and organs. Tumors might be generous (not destructive) or threatening (harmful). Since ordinary cell improvement and duplication is a moderate procedure which is well controlled, it is evident when cells duplicate so rapidly.

There are many different diseases that terrorize the human race every day. Of all of these sicknesses, one of the most devastating is breast cancer. Breast cancer touches all types of people all over the world each day. It is actually the second most common cancer amongst women in the United States. One in every eight women in the United States has some form of breast cancer and currently, the death rates are higher than any other cancer with the exception of lung cancer. Cancer is defined by the Merriam-Webster Online dictionary as “a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis.” Therefore, breast cancer is a disease of

The study was conducted by comparing the frequency patterns and the development of breast cancer cells in both groups of mice, the first group was given triclosan and the second

He believes that circular DNA carries many copies of oncogenes increasing the tumors growth. During cell division eccDNA replicates like any other cell, but unlike chromosomal DNA. Circular DNA may not be evenly apportioned between daughter cells during cell division. As a result, eccDNA can massively increase the number of oncogenes in some cells and if the oncogenes give the cell a growth boost than oncogenes cells can take over the tumor cells.

“The Breast are considered to be in the reproductive system because they are able to produce milk during childbirth” ("Breast Pictures, Anatomy & Anatomy | Body Maps," 2005). There are many risk factors that increase a woman’s chances of developing breast cancer, but it is not yet known exactly how some of these risk factors cause cells to become cancerous. Some of the few risk factors that are included are taking

(#2) CDKN1A is a protein coding gene. The purpose CDKN1A serves in the cell is that it works as cell cycle regulator at the G1 checkpoint and is responsible for the cell cycle arrest at that checkpoint. CDKN1A encodes a potential cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor which then prevents the phosphorylation of critical CDK substrates and blocks cell cycle progression, thus functioning as a cell cycle regulator at the G1 checkpoint. CDKN1A, along with p53, are both involved

This cellular insult is preceded due to induction of mitogenic and survival stimulus via gene expression communicated through a nuclear ligand-dependent transcription factor known as Estrogen receptor (ER). Estrogen and steroid estrogen receptor play pivotal role in growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of breast epithelial cells. At molecular level two types of ER are expressed in mammals, namely ER α and ER β exhibiting different distribution and function. ER α is expressed in 15-30% of luminal epithelial cells of normal breast tissue, and it is diagnosed in >60% of breast and ovarian cancers. The proliferation of breast epithelial cells regulated through ER occurs paracrine. Cells which express ER produce growth factors stimulated by ER

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of death in women, affecting one in eight women during their lifetime. As such, there is critical need for developing effective treatments for BC patients. Yet, BC is a complex disease that displays both clinical and biological heterogeneity, making this disease extremely difficult to treat. Although there are established risk factors, such as genetic predisposition, age, and diet, BC is a disease of unknown etiology. Thus, there is a great need to understand how BC originates and progresses in order to improve BC treatments and patient survival.

According to the American Cancer Society, Each year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who are 40 to 55 years old (Breast Cancer, 2009).Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It changes from a normal cell to cancerous cells that require gene alterations. Therefore the altered genes and the uncontrolled growth may lead to tumors.

The DNA fragment of PCMVCre-ERT was then inserted into the F1 zygotes to form a transgenic mice. PCR amplification was then performed using appropriate buffers, d NTPS, primers, DNA polymerase and the genomic DNA. For the analysis of the mouse F9 carcinoma cells, they were infected with pCre-ERT or pCre-ER. These cells were then cultured in the specific conditions and PCR amplification was carried out. Southern hybridization and PCR were used to detect the transgene and the trans allele. For the detection of the transgene by PCR, specific primers were used Cre-ERT and for the southern hybridisation, tail DNA digestion was performed. mRNA synthesis was then detected in the mice. RT-PCR was used for the estimation of the mRNA level. RNA isolation from the mouse was done using Licl/Urea method. Synthesis of cDNA and then amplification by 35 cycles of PCR resulted in 254 –bp fragment of cDNA. HPRT mRNA was used as the control. PCR and southern hybridisation were then again used for the analysis of Cre-ERT mediated excision of the marker from the allele. Specific primers were used for the amplification of wild type allele and the target allele. Southern blotting was then performed. Cre –ERT mediated gene excision was then estimated using semi-quantitative PCR and Cre –ERT mediated gene expression was estimated using semi quantitative PCR. Different number of amplification cycles were used for each samples. Agarose gel