Elijah Harper

success. He will forever be known as one of the greatest Prime Ministers in Canadian

During his time as Prime Minister, Trudeau brought forth monumental changes to Canadian government, his most important works being the separation of the country from england and making Canada an independent country and having its own constitution, and the creation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, both in 1982. Other notable things he did while serving as Prime Minister was the implementation of the official languages act in 1969, helped defeat the Quebec sovereignist movement during the 70s and 80s, and the controversial use of the War Measures Act for a domestic crisis in 1970, and the creation of the National Energy Program in 1980. After his time as Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau spent the rest of his life working at a Law firm in Montreal. He later died on September 28th, 2000 in Montreal.

He also tried to achieve constitutional reform. The Meech Lake Accord attempted to become law but it was not passed by the Manitoba and Newfoundland legislatures. Another attempt was taken to secure constitutional unanimity and was undertaken with the Charlottetown Accord in 1992. A national vote was called on this agreement, but it was eventually defeated. Mulroney resigned from politics in 1993.

Aboriginals have made several contributions to Canadian history, which has helped improve one’s standard of living. They have helped with various things such as inventions, discoveries of plants, and have helped significantly in war efforts.

“Most nations consider the notion of land to be an important one. But to Canada 's aboriginal people, it is also a strong cultural symbol. Native identity is drawn from the land: It has been a form of subsistence, and an integral part of creation myths.

The Manitoba Act said that Manitoba could send in 4 member to the House Of Commons and 2 members into the Senate. It also declared that 560 000 hectares of land would be kept for the Metis families and that of people could use French or English in schools and government.

In 1980, he and his party, Parti Quebecois, called a referendum on the topic of Quebec sovereignty. He asked the Quebecois to present his government with a mandate to negotiate with Canada for a new agreement based on sovereignty-association. This meant that Quebec would become independent from Canada politically but stay closely associated with Canada economically. The partnership would mean free trade between Quebec and Canada; both nations would have the same currency and both would have the same tariffs on imported goods. Prime Minister Trudeau promised the negotiation of a new constitution that would recognize Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and an equal partner in confederation. Then, during the referendum, only 40% of the Quebecois actually voted for sovereignty-association. This referendum caused a rift between the people in Quebec because it led to Trudeau making an opposing argument that split Quebecois opinions. They remained divided on the issue as shown by the close vote for the referendum, which shows the separation in views. Additionally, the referendum not only caused tensions among fellow Quebecois, but also between the Quebecois and English Canadians. Quebec was trying to separate from Canada in order to distance itself from other Canadian cultures and preserve its own. So the fact that

Fig. 1. Brian Mulroney’s first year in office (1984), he led the first conservative majority government in 26 years.1

idea of turning Canada back to its original roots. He compares Harper's government system with Pierre Trudeau’s. Arguing about the struggles and failures of

Impressively, 100% of adult Aboriginal men from the Mi'kmaq reserve in Sydney, Nova Scotia volunteered. The province of Ontario saw some of the highest native enlistment numbers. “Areas around Brantford (Six Nations) and Tyendinaga (Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte) became the highest sources of Indian enlistment in Canada” (Lackenbauer, Moses, Scheffield and Gohier 123). Even with large quantities of Aboriginal soldiers, there were no exclusively Aboriginal battalions. Several battalions, nonetheless, consisted of great numbers of natives, including the 114th Battalion, also known as Brock's Rangers and the 107th Battalion, also known as the Timber Wolf Battalion. During the First World War, the voluntary service from Aboriginal men was significantly larger than expected.

These ‘White Papers’ focused on the social and economic problems that were rampant within the First Nation communities and was considered to be humane because of the fact that Native peoples were integrated within mainstream society [pp.6]. These problems were ‘highlighted’ through the result of various studies conducted by the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development from 1966 to 1969 and became the basis of the ‘White Paper’. Although the paper was ultimately defeated, these beliefs were brought into mainstream society and became a more idolized form of modernizing the Aboriginal peoples. This form of ‘helping’ the First Nations peoples was the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development [D.I.A.N.D] way of dissolving the First Nations reservations. These institutionalized ideologies were masked as social and economic reforms that addressed the First Nation communities [pp.5-6]. Such reforms include the state of welfare on First Nation communities, re-educating the youth, and the identification of a First Nations person according to the government, which also includes the apology that Prime Minister Harper spoke on June 11th, 2008. These ideals have become the driving force behind the United Nation’s ‘Universal Declaration of Indigenous Rights’. This declaration has yet to be signed by Canada for a variety of reasons, one of them being that it is in direct violation of Article 25, which is a right to social services and health

Protection, civilization, assimilation: An outline history of Canada’s Indian policy by John L. Tobias, 1991.

Stephen Harper, the leader of the Alliance, made the decision with the leader of Progressive Conservative, to unite and form the current Conservative Party of Canada. The strategy of combining two right-wing parties was a success because the votes for the right-wings were splitted and kept the Liberal in power. Stephen Harper was elected to be the Prime Minister of Canada after he was elected to be the party leader; the Party was in power for 9 years.

One of the most contentious issues in Canada’s history is that of the Metis. Some people feel this unique group of people does not deserve any sort of recognition, whereas others believe their unique history and culture is something to be recognized and cherished. The history of the Metis people is filled with struggle; not only struggles against other powers, but also a struggle for self-identification. Despite strong opposition, the Metis people of Canada have matured as a political force and have taken great strides towards being recognized as a unique people.

In 1971 when the Conservatives ended the Socred hold on power, the Conservative Party succeeded by “neutralizing ideology and focusing on ‘safe change,’ that is, a change of faces but not policies.” The 1971 election brought into office the Progressive Conservative Party under the leadership of Peter Lougheed; Lougheed than served as premier until 1985, when he was replaced by Don Getty. In 1986 general election, Alberta PC win the election with 61 seats, NDP getting 16 seats, liberal getting 4 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and Alberta PC also win 1989 general election of Alberta. Getty’s decision to resign in 1992 “ushered in the leadership election that provides the point of departure.” Alberta’s electoral history