3.1.2 GHG Emission for transportation of common building materials required for small residential houses belonging to EWS in India
Transportation of building materials from the point of production to point of use also consumes lot of fuel and in turn emits CO2. In India, a majority of building materials for small residential houses are transported using trucks of 9 MT capacity or less. These 8 MT capacity truck (loading area size: 5.33m x 2.13m x 2.13m) consumes diesel oil at the rate of 4.7 to 5.4 km per litre of diesel depending upon road condition, traffic congestion, speed of vehicle etc. an average of 5 km per litre may be considered. It is calculated that one number 8 MT truck emits 0.00053 MT of CO2 per km of travel.
Carrying
…show more content…
This study is, therefore, limited to those buildings only which satisfy the given criteria. Sengupta [39] has put stress on some technologies using common material like brick, sand, cement and steel and which can be easily handled by existing technical manpower available in different parts of the country.
Till the year 2000, permanent buildings for EWS generally implied to buildings with 250 thick solid masonry brickwork with reinforced concrete slab of thickness varying between 100mm to 125mm. The Code of Practice for Construction of Hollow and Solid Concrete Block Masonry, IS-2572 was first formulated in 1963. Since bricks were manufactured in plenty and many builders in the country were not familiar with the use of concrete blocks, the same did not become popular and also not cost-effective in comparison with traditional burnt clay bricks.
Brick making is a predominantly rural industry with brick making units belonging to small and informal sector, which consumes good quality soil and lot of fossil fuel like wood and coal for production of bricks. Uncontrolled emission of huge quantity of toxic elements from brick kilns is causing serious health hazards. Lot of measures were adopted to check pollution in brick kilns like use of fire-woods in kilns of bricks fields was prohibited since 1992 and the stack height of the chimneys were made mandatory as 40m; embargo has been declared on use of soil from agricultural fields etc.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Construction Management CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY Göteborg, Sweden 2010 Master‟s Thesis 2010:96
Further one this assignment will continue on the infrastructure of the economy which supports construction, this will include told, power tools, transport for materials and any objects used in order to complete a construction project which has to be order, rented or a special efforts made n order to allow for these certain services.
Climate change and transportation play a big role and it is important to be concerned for our future generations. The use of gasoline cars is a major producer in carbon dioxide emissions, although they are not entirely responsible for it—they play a role in it. Other form of transportations like buses and taxis also contribute to carbon dioxide emissions. The total amount of carbon dioxide emissions from an average car is seventy six percent which comes from usage of a vehicle containing gasoline. Efficiency has increased by twenty percent in regards to electric motors, especially when it comes to their wheels using no power when the car is at rest. Car ownership will increase and with this, improvements in technology could be a vital
Brick Laying Assignment My quotation comes from the 1995 Walt Disney movie Pocahontas. Pocahontas goes to visit her grandmother Willow for advice after her father tells her he believes that marrying Kocoum is the right path for her, thus grandmother Willow exclaimes “sometimes the right path is not the easiest one.” I did some research on this quote by watching the clip from the movie after coming across it on google search for inspirational quotes. I really enjoyed this saying by grandmother Willow because i can relate to it on many levels.
According to an article on the Indiana State University website over the construction started in 2010, of the 12 major construction projects due to finish, only one of them concerned the well-being of our disabled students. Brought to the universities attention and fixed, the 2 lecture halls in Holmstedt Hall were finally accessible to our disabled students. Does this mean that if we have halls and buildings that are not accessible that our campus has the threat of having more construction in the near future? With this, does it mean that until the construction is complete, our disabled students will struggle even more?
Double brick houses are constructed using a layer of concrete block and on the exterior, an adjacent layer of bricks. If the bricks were to be removed, the structure will experience structural failure because the brick is part of the building’s support system, structurally
Regions use the earth mixed with certain ingredients then to be left out in the sun to dry into bricks, when they lacked timber and stone.
The aim of this paper is to research and study the structural behavior of clay brick masonry and analyse the damages on the UniSA Law building. This will lead to an understanding of what factors led to the failures and propose an approach of how it can be fixed.
Advances in building materials continually improve and in turn boost living standards while reducing environmental impact. While some of these improvements only exist in research labs, many new building material advancements benefit the trade today. A few of these improvements come in the form of stronger, longer lasting building mediums, while others reduce carbon footprint and waste during production. Upgrades such as these increase structure lifespan, save the environment and reduce the number of new builds required to serve landowner needs.
Rammed earth is a building technique which has been used for hundreds of years. The technique involves earth (similar to cob) which is compacted, in-situ, between forms which are created by shuttering (Figure 12 & 13). This creates a monolithic wall which is strong and durable with a variety of colours, depending on the earth within the site. Two or more soil components must be used to create the correct size appropriate wall (Windstorm & Schmidt, 2013:402). The walls are mainly 300 – 600mm thick and can be free-standing and, unlike cob, load bearing (Hall & Djerbib, 2004:281). The final product does not need any further finishing such as plastering and can be left to expose the different layers of earth. Post-industrial materials such as brick, tile and concrete can be recycled by adding it to the mixture, this will enhance the colour and the strength of the walls, the materials can also add to the fire safety of the walls. This method of recycling alongside the use of rammed earth can have an even greater and more positive effect on the environment (Hall & Djerbib, 2004:367). Rammed earth also has the highest density and compression strength of all earth construction techniques and therefore a more efficient material when it comes to structural qualities in construction. To increase the structural qualities of rammed earth, small amounts of concrete (5 – 10%) is added to the mixture (Mačková & Spišáková, 2015:133). Due to the high compressive strength the chances of erosion
This booklet offers simple suggestions to help select greener options for a wide array of common materials, and provides references to resources for more detailed information. For materials not included in this document, the checklist in the appendix and the sidebars of pages 2-3 can help you to organize your analysis. The evaluation of materials is based upon three questions: • Is the material renewable and resource efficient in its manufacture, installation, use, and disposal? • Does the material support the health and well being of occupants, construction personnel, the public, and the environment? The most critical
Larkin put "The Building" in the middle of his collection for a reason, it is a pillar that supports the rest of the collection with its long lines and many verses, and because of this, is maybe a bit more clearer than some of his other poems in the ideas and views that are expressed through it. Of course, being a Larkin a poem, there is the obligatory underlayer which so many people miss, but in "The Building" it is easier to discern and comprehend.
Reinforced concrete is one of the most important available materials for construction in Egypt and all over the world. It is used in almost all structures as: buildings, shells, bridges, tunnels, tanks and retaining walls. Concrete is made by mixing binding materials as sand and gravel held together with a paste of cement and water. The used of admixture is to change certain characteristic of concrete such as workability, durability and time of hardening. Some of concrete advantages are its high compressive strength, its ability to cast in almost any desired shape, its economical and fire resistance. Low tensile strength, low ductility and cracking consider one of its disadvantages. Regardless of this disadvantages,
Finally, many tools were used to document our site visits that would used during the modeling of the buildings. As stated before, PlanGrid was very useful when viewing the construction sheets. PlanGrid was used on an iPad for easy access during the site visit. The iPad, as well as our phones, was used to take pictures of any notable changes or major features of the buildings. The pictures were used as references during the modeling portion of the project. A measuring tape was also used to take the dimensions of sections of the buildings that were not clearly labeled on the construction sheets. For example, the Architecture Annex’s terrance needed a measuring tape to measure its dimensions because the top-down view was absent from the
Truck transportation has been the backbone of freight movements in the United States and across the globe for decades. While utilizing trucks is an economical way to move freight for short hauls of less than a 1,000 miles, there are high environmental and infrastructure costs for utilizing this mode of transportation. According to Lowe, road transportation’s use of energy resources rose 103 per cent in the period since 1970 (2005). Additionally, Lowe points out that road transportation’s emission of green house gasses, “increased by 76% between 1971 and 1989” (Lowe, 2005, p. 112). Furthermore, road transportation is the largest polluter in the industry. It utilizes “over 80% of the total energy used in the transport sector and contributes over 75% of its total CO2 output (Lowe, 2005, p. 113). Finally, freight transportation by heavy vehicles causes pavement damage at significantly higher rates than passenger traffic (SSTI, 2011).