N
Valid
32
Missing
0
Mean
57.508681
Mode
69.2222
Std. Deviation
16.3290177
Variance
266.637
Skewness
-.275
Std. Error of Skewness
.414
Kurtosis
-.818
Std. Error of Kurtosis
.809
The average press freedom in the 32 SSA countries in this study is 57.5, which implies the press in the region is largely partly free.
The dependent variable is the political risk. It provides an overview of the political stability in a particular country. The scale is designed to show the greatest value to the lowest risk and the lowest value of the highest risk. Economic, demographic, and geographic indicators are also included in the econometric specifications being control variables thus ensuring the analysis affecting the political risk. The political risk
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Deviation
7.291
Variance
53.157
Skewness
.308
Std. Error of Skewness
.414
Kurtosis
-1.091
Std. Error of Kurtosis
.809
Preliminary analysis of the literacy rate indicates that the SSA region has an average literacy rate of 73% which is moderately low compared to the average global literacy rate of 84%.
SPSS data is categorized as nominal, ordinal or scale, whereby nominal data is a variable without intrinsic ranking, ordinal variables have intrinsic ranking while scale variables represent data with meaningful metrics to allow for data comparisons. all the three variables in this study are scale variables implying that their values can facilitate comparison between the data of each country.
Method
To normalize the data in order to ensure accurate analysis, the indices on press freedom and political risk were averaged for the period between 1996 and 2013. IBM’s SPSS was used to identify correlations between the press freedom and political risk through linear regression.
Without the control:
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R
Std. Error of the
Square
Estimate
1
.734a
.538
.523
.1162246
a. Predictors: (Constant), Press Freedom Index
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares df Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
.473
1
.473
34.983
.000b
Residual
.405
30
.014
Total
.878
31
a. Dependent Variable: Political Risk Index
b. Predictors: (Constant), Press Freedom Index
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
In the past, freedom was not being persecuted for having different opinions and it was a new start, where everyone is equal. Freedom wasn’t in most parts of the world; in fact Freedom House showed the statistic of the freedom of the press from 1987 and 2014 and in 1987 fifty-seven percent of the worlds freedom of the press wasn’t free and in 2014 only thirty-two percent of the press wasn’t free. This show that people are learning the importance of freedom
“Words of Fire,” by Anthony Collings, details the lives of different journalists in regards to free press and covering potentially dangerous stories. Anthony Collings is a former CNN reporter who shifted his focus from reporting to telling the story of journalists who have come under fire in a power struggle between government and free press. Collings puts free press into a spectrum, on one side there is the United States, where the press is largely free, and on the other side there are places like North Korea or China where press is largely restricted by the government. Collings does not focus on these extremes, but rather the places in the middle where there is an ongoing struggle between state power.
Compare and contrast macro political risk with micro political risk. Discuss policies to combat their impacts on international business activities.
As noted by Zikmund, Babbin, Carr & Griffin (2013), the importance of editing, coding and entering the data is to ensure that errors are checked. Saunders et al. (2009), on the other hand, note that no matter how carefully data is coded and entered, there will always be some errors which need to be checked and corrected before the data is analyzed. After this initial processing, the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. In the second step, to get a feel of the data, descriptive statistics was used. As explained by Saunders et al. (2009), descriptive statistics enable the researcher to numerically describe and compare the variables under study. This includes response rate; measures of central tendency, notably the mean; measures of dispersion, particularly the standard deviation for Likert scale variables in the questionnaire (Magutu, 2013; Gathenya, 2012). Descriptive statistics covered all response variables and the demographic characteristics of respondents, which were analyzed using cross tabulation. As explained by Magutu (2013, pp 84 ), ‘descriptive statistics provide the basic features of the data collected on the variables and provide the impetus for conducting further analyses on the
(Biography)“Truth should be a defense to the crime of seditious libel.” John Peter Zenger published criticisms of the government in 1735. Zenger was tried for libel and acquitted. His case did not necessarily establish freedom of the press or freedom of speech, but it did provide a small glimpse into the future of American freedoms. These freedoms allow us to acquire knowledge. (Abramowitz and Dunham)Countries like North Korea and China, who sensor and limit information, create an environment where the people are only given the narrow point of view of their dictators. Without open conversations and the ability to gain knowledge, people can be suppressed and deprived of basic human rights and subjected to the tyranny of their own government. The knowledge gained through free press and free speech has allowed us to cure diseases, travel by car, ship or plane and even land on the moon. Communication is a key fundamental necessity to democracy. When using the freedom of speech and the freedom of the press to be hateful and divisive, it is detrimental to democracy, and in other countries, has led to ongoing civil unrest. (Abramowitz and Dunham)The 2017 India Freedom Report, reported “an overall sense of shrinking liberty not experienced in recent years.” They also reported numerous attacks on journalists, news channels and internet channels being shut down along with (Reporters Without
The freedom of press is the critical because this freedom help people know about the actuality. The journalist are the fundamental way to report the information to the
Freedom of press has been shown to be highly correlated with high literacy, especially high political literacy. When people read more and understand their political situation better, they can better make their own opinions and evaluate whether or not their particular politicians are supporting their beliefs. Because it's the key to security and also public information.
They have pass many laws for freedom of the press. For example in a 1969 landmark decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that students can engage in free speech only if it is lawful and not disruptive. Meaning that the U.S. government has little direct control over what the media print or broadcast. Floyd Adrams says “The worst time for freedom of the press has almost all ways bine during times of war”. People have a tendency to limit speech that is viewed as dangerous but the public understandably becomes nervous, but
In the mid-twentieth century, the news media were one of America’s most trusted institutions. The 1956 American National Election Study (ANES) found that 66% of Americans thought newspapers were fair, while only 27% said they were unfair. These views were bipartisan, with 78% of Republicans and 64% of Democrats viewing newspapers as fair. When the Roper Organization asked a similar question about network news in two 1964 polls, 71% and 61% of the public thought it was fair, while just 12% and 17% thought it was unfair. In 1973, when the General Social Survey (GSS) began regularly measuring con dence in various national institu- tions, only 15% of respondents had “hardly any” con dence in the press.
E. Sullivan, L. (2009). Freedom of Press. In: The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioural Sciences, 1st ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc,
The media affects everyone’s way of thinking. If journalists are crooked in any way, their works will, without a shadow of a doubt, have detrimental effects on citizens’ political beliefs and their perceptions of the
First of all, this is the definition of freedom of the press from lawbrain.com. Freedom of the press guarantees the rights, “to gather, publish, and distribute information and ideas without government restriction or restraint”. Also it is
When it comes to political factors, the government stability, taxation policy, social welfare policies and trae regulations shoule be considered.
A risk analysis is a compilation of detailed factors weaved together to determine the likelihood of success or failure for a project, goal, or investment. Businesses use these to determine the viability or feasibility of a new product, initiative, or opening into a new market segment. A country risk analysis is simply the extension of a risk analysis to include an entire country. In essence, a country risk analysis is a tool used to identify the risks associated with opening a business, creating trade agreements, or investing in a country. A country risk analysis is very important because it takes into account many factors including the current and past political climate, economic risk, geography and climate risks, cultures, and laws pertaining to the country being analyzed. Often, countries are given a grade to enable a quick comparison to how risky investing in one country is compared to another country.
Having the democracy to exercise and express our freedom of the press, which was have been suppressed before, during the Marcos regime, we can say that the Philippine news media’s role is critical to the advancement and preservation of the country’s democratic institutions and way of life and in helping catalyze equitable development. The issues and problems confronting the Philippine press