Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp. Facts: Frigaliment Importing Company sued B.N.S. claiming that B.N.S. had breached warranties in two contracts that they had entered. In the first of the two contracts Frigalimnet had agreed to sell 75,000 pounds of 2.5 to 3 pound chickens and 25,000 pounds of 1.5 to 2 pound chickens. The second contract consisted of 50,000 pounds of 2.5 to 3 pound chickens and 25,000 pounds of 1.5 to 2 pound chickens. ( smaller chickens where priced slightly higher in this contract vice the first agreement) Both contracts were signed by the parties on May 2nd, 1957. BNS shortly after made 2 shipments to meet the requirements of the first contract , of these two shipments the first was not …show more content…
Furthermore the assumption of Frigaliment claiming that the weight difference of the chickens was sufficient enough to determine a young chicken from an older chicken, that would not fit into the lesser weight category did not establish a clear definition. This was clearly an assumption that was not defined in the contract between the parties. B.N.S. acted accordingly by delivering per the contract, chickens. II. Discuss the difference between Procedural Due Process and Substantive Due Process Due Process is the legal requirement that before the government can deprive a person of their fundamental rights (life, liberty, property) they must be afforded some sort of hearing, and that the government must (1) inform the individual, usually in a form of a written notice or other approved means. (2) The individual must be given an opportunity to present their side of the story to a decision making authority. (3) Finally the right to appeal with the outcome if the individual is not fully satisfied. Individuals are protected against the power of the law and land by Due Process. Substantive Due Process is aimed at protecting individuals against majoritarian policy enactments, such as laws that are too broad or too vague and infringe on our fundamental rights. Courts may find that a majority's ruling is not a law and should not be enforced regardless of how fair the process of
The Due Process Clause was interpreted differently by various Justices in the Court who were using different theories for understanding the Constitution. There are three major theories for Constitutional interpretation. The first is textualism, which is the theory that the “ordinary meaning” of a law should be used for its interpretation, rather than the reason it was written or the problem it was meant to solve. The second is originalism, which says that the interpretation of a law should be decided based on the original meaning or purpose the law had when it was written. The third is literalism, which is rather self explanatory and, as the name implies, means interpeting the text of a law as literally as possible. I
Due process makes it so that the government has to follow a certain process in order to enforce the laws that have been made, especially when it comes to taking away life, liberty, or someone’s property. It made it so that all types of government officials, officials like police officers and someone like the president, were accountable for their actions and could be held to the same standards of those of your average citizen. Limited government is a political system which legalized force is restrained through delegated and enumerated powers. In more simple terms the government has limited power under the provisions of the constitution. So due process is related to the principles of limited government in the way that the government has to follow a set process when enforcing laws. Equal protection clauses is a part of the fourteenth amendment and took effect in 1868. It says that no state shall deny any person equal protection of the laws. So basically it made it so that no matter what sex, race, national origin, religion, political view, or how much money you have you would be treated the same as the person next to you. In addition to that the government must also allow people to have equal opportunities. It meant that laws could not unfairly give an advantage or disadvantage to people seeking a variety of social goods, whether it be education, employment, housing, political rights. The equal protection clauses relates to limited government because it A) makes sure that the government treats all people as equals and not show any favoritism to a single person or group, and B) makes it so that all people have equal opportunities under the law that has been
Due process is when all criminal suspects are guaranteed that they will have the ability to question the evidence against them in an open format. This is where they are entitled to the same protections and procedures as everyone else during a criminal proceeding. As a result, anything that is denying them of these safeguards is violation of their basic rights. (Sundahl, 2011)
A landmark case that shifted the attention to due process was Miranda vs. Arizona. In this historical landmark case the Miranda Rights got there famous name from this man Ernesto Miranda. The attention shifted to due process because of the fact that Miranda pled his rights were not read to him, therefore he did not know he could not self-incriminate himself. He claimed she was coerced to giving his confession (Miranda v. Arizona). From then on the criminal justice system new they had to do something about criminals trying to flee from the law by saying their rights were not read to them. Police departments everywhere new something had to be done. Therefore the Miranda rights were born all criminals were being arrested had to be read their Miranda Rights, therefore they could not plead that their rights were not read to them that is why the Miranda Rights is an important part of the due process. It is not fair to the suspect to arrest him and not to let them know why they are being detained, or
Due Process of law can be defined as a right guaranteed in the 5th and 14th amendments of the U.S.
While employed at the Hershey Chocolate USA, Turners claims have been essential accommodation on defendant. In this case the looking the material facts in the light most favorable to the Turner, it is difficult to conclude the material of the law, based on the evidence that Turners directly threaten to its employees or place an “Undue hardship” on Hershey. Therefore, the question whether Turners can perform the essential function of her position with reasonable accommodation is an open material fact for trial. Hershey will have a opportunities at trial to defeat Turners claim by presenting that her proposed accommodation would make vulnerable the health safety of its employees therefore an employer is not requires to accommodate an employee. Moreover, According to Buskirk, 307 F.3d at 168 case that it would carry out an undue hardship that even with the accommodation Turner would still be unable to perform work on lines 8 and 9. This matter should be used by a jury based upon fully developed evidence
The contest of strength between the Crime Control Model and the Due Process Model is similar to attempting to satisfy every person, each and every second and no one some of the time. Debates are good for both models, but for all growth on one side, there must be one on the opposing side as well. The Crime Control Model, prosecutor or the police, is not in favor for the Due Process Model, a person, to have more rights than they do. Each and every individual who is a United States citizen should know what his or her rights are.
The United States has a unique criminal justice system that stems from the unique rights granted to its citizens by the Constitution. The United States Constitution grants the most basic rights of “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” and no citizen can be denied these rights without due process of law. Due process is the way in which the criminal justice system ensures that the right person is punished for the right crime. This process includes certain rights of the accused and specific procedures that must be followed to the letter or the accused could be released without having punished for a crime he or she could have
The jury system in America is also influence by the English jury system. Another one of America’s constitutional right is due process which is the basic for fairness that is important in the judicial system which allows our system to work with honor and integrity. According to Currie (1992), the factors of due process involve the United States Constitution; Amendments V, and XIV and in 1970 Illinois State Constitution adopted some rights for due process.
Under the Fifth Amendment, the due process clause has two different aspects: Many of the modern due process cases deal with what is called procedural due process (fair process, procedures), which concerns the process by which legal proceedings are conducted. “Substantive due process refers to the Supreme Court's examination of the reasons why the government passed a law or otherwise acted in a manner denying a citizen or a group of citizens life, liberty, or property” (Lincoln University, n.d.). The latter simply refers to the concern of which particular laws are applied during legal proceedings. Due process procedures do not guarantee the result of government action will be to a
“The right to due process,” the only phrase respeated more than once in the Constitution, is guaranteed by both the fifth amendment and the fourteenth amendment. The notion that no one should be deprived of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law,” has become a crucial part of the foundation of the American legal system. Ascertaining over eleven different rights, including the right to a trial, counsel, habeas corpus, and protection from unreasonable search and seizure, the due process clause ensures that everyone is treated equally and has the same rights as any other individual involved with the judicial system. The original premise of due process dates back to 1215 to the publishing of the Magna Carta. Designed to suppress an impending revolt by King John’s disgruntled elite class, the Magna
As we can see, due process has changed our justice system from hastily-prosecution to time consuming investigation of all the facts. We should stop pre-judging the accused person until all of the facts are made known unto us. Due process has given all accused citizens an equal opportunity to tell their story, and the right to question the evidence that was brought against them. Even though due process has guaranteed the accused person his or her right to be heard
In our government today we have due process of law. Due process of law simply means that we have protection against a chance deprivation of life, liberty or property. Within the due process law, if you are to be accused of something it has to be under fair and reasonable circumstances. If we are ever to be arrested of something, under due process it commands that we are taken to court and showed a cause. It is very important that we have due process in the law for the people of the United States. Law enforcement always requires the balancing of two competing social concerns: on one hand, is the government's interest in protecting its citizens and prosecuting criminal conduct; on the other hand, is the right of
The two types of due process is the procedural due process and the substantive due process. Procedural due process is that government officials must follow procedures and not act without a reason when making laws. It requires the government to act in particular ways before regulating or taking away the life, liberty, or property of someone. The proceedings must be clear by stating the charges that the person have done and fair where they have a jury and the right to bring witnesses. Substantive due process is the Constitution prohibits some laws, no matter how popular those laws may be with legislatures, executives, or the people. It is based on the idea that some rights are important to the point that the government must have a reason to change
Case Analysis: Blanchard Importing and Distributing Co. Inc. (HBS Case 9 - 673 - 033)