1. INTRODUCTION
Gossip-based algorithm plays a major part for distributing simple and efficient information in large networks. One of the examples of gossip-based algorithm is rumor –spreading model. It is also called as rumor mongering. It is introduced by Daley & Kendall (D K model) in the context of duplicated databases. The rumor spreading algorithm is an example of epidemic process. It is mainly used to examine in the view of mathematics. The algorithm follows synchronous rounds. The main aim of rumor spreading is to spread a rumor to all nodes in a social network in small no of rounds. At the beginning of the round, the information is sent to initial node known as start node. Then the information is sent to all nodes. The node having information will not accept to receive the information again. While executing the algorithm the graph and degree of nodes must be constant. In case of dynamic networks, an evolving graph is introduced to study the behavior of graph and nodes.
Fig. 1 Graph connected with rumors
1.1. Problem statement:
To begin with the rumor spreading algorithm mainly concentrates the broadcasting of message that is the information should reach all nodes of a graph. Secondly it concerns about the completion time i.e., within how many rounds the information is reached to all nodes. From the above research the problem can be stated as :each node transfers the rumor what has but in cases the node might not be knowing what information that the neighbour
Then, Jesse Signal informs the reader about why people spread them rumors. Through research, it has been found that people do not spread rumors for gossip; they spread them to uncover the truth about something. He also claims that people spread rumors to boost their own importance within society. Spreading rumors allow people to help friends by warning them and allows people to build up their reputation to gain attention. Rumors are more likely to spread when they are negative things about high status
Everyone has had some experience with gossip. In this lab, you will explore how well rumors (or secrets) spread when this information is passed on to other people.
This information is also meant to circulate within groups and people rather than staying within the conformity of one person, and this information is meant to be significant to those involved or impacted. Rumors are also said to “play a role in human sensemaking” (DiFonzo 382). In other words, humans are capable of using these rumors in order to make sense of the happenings around them. Humans are able to use this idea of a rumor almost as an asset in which when they are having a difficult time comprehending something, a rumor may be the only solution or a last resort in order for them to bring an understanding to
A rumor can be the biggest problem in the world to people. The person who starts it tells someone else, then that person changes some of the details and add more facts. This makes the rumor become worse than what it initially was.
“Users appear to be less capable of distinguishing true from false rumors… in fact, we show that the prevalent
News sources long to be the first one to put their story on the front page of every iPhone, Android, and app pop-ups. Not even giving it a second thought to if the story was a hundred percent accurate. Sadly, and our fast-paced society trust and accuracy is a rare commodity acquired by only the few who are willing to listen to both sides of a story. Even though rumors has no value, the stories themselves are hard not to listen to and even harder not to incorporate in our daily conversations. Rumors are a insignificant social phenomenon that constitute to no man's
Before Kennedy’s presidency, In 1944 Robert H. Knapp wrote “A Psycohlogy of Rumor.” In this he uses rumors circulating during World War II to both define and explain his theories on rumors. He defines a rumor as “A Proposition for belief of topical reference disseminated without official verification,” and claims of three psychological reasons to rumors existence. The first reason he found was people believing in a “pipe dream.” This is when a rumor brings joy or endearment to those who spread it. The second reason is a belief in a “bogie rumor.” This is when a rumor is spread out of anxiety or fear. Third and finally, is a “wedge rumor,” which is when a
I think that some of the best information is heard through the grapevine even if it’s not the best news or information but some part of the information has to be true or else it wouldn’t have been passed down. An example of where information that was passed through the grapevine was job openings for a certain position within Nationwide Insurance. Although the rumors came from those who already knew about the positions such as managers and employees already working in that department, there still wasn’t any time frame on when the hiring was going to take place and how many positions were open. I know for me I
According to Robert H. Knapp, psychologist during World War II, also classifies and identify what makes a rumor in "A Psychology of Rumor" as in Goleman did in "Anatomy of Rumor; It Flies on Fear", Knapp mentioned "What makes a good rumor" (497), he says "Typically the successful rumor is short, simple, and salient [… .] [I]n time, a successful rumor becomes a "good story" (497). Knapp goes on in "A Psychology of Rumor" to say "The farther a rumor is removed from known or confirmed fact, the more easily does it seem to get twisted when passed on" (498). Rumors are being passed on from place or person to another only to be changed from what originally was said. The original rumor coming straight from the source could and will be turned upside and inside out, just like a game of telephone. In "The Rumor" a short story by John Updike short story, Frank and Sharon are centered around a rumor that Frank had left his wife for a homosexual younger man only later to find out the rumor was false and not about Frank but some other man leaving his wife. "When Sharon first herd the rumor that Frank had left her for a younger homosexual with he was having an affair" (Updike 2). Something like a rumor about Frank having an affair lead his wife to believe it, even though it was completely false and about another
Nicholas DiFonzo explains, “rumors are unverified bits of information”. Rumors are imprinted on everyday life and are something all individual deal with. However, one must wonder, why do they start and what causes them to spread so violently? Various articles and experiments may have the answers to these common questions. In fact, research has shown that rumors disperse out of response to fear and are mostly spread by word of mouth.
Now that may seem obvious but think about how often we get information about someone or something that happened and the information is just not accurate. There maybe some level of truth contained in the account but often times people take the story and elalborate even add more details to make the story juicier. Morris Mandel has a great quote about the dangers of gossip. "Gossip is the most deadly microbe. It has neither legs nor wings. It is composed entirely of tales, and most of them have stings." Before you give that story wings take the time to make sure it is true.
“George W. Allport and Leo Postman, constructed experiments on how the content of rumors changes as the rumor passes from person to person. They concluded that as a rumor travels, it tends to grow shorter, more concise and more easily told: In subsequent versions [of rumor] more and more original details are leveled out, fewer words are used and fewer items are mentioned… As the leveling of detail proceeds, the remaining details are necessarily sharpened.” (Doorley and Gracia 398)
Rumors is like playing with a bomb and the timer. The person whom the rumor is about is the bomb and the rumor is the timer.Once that timer is all up and half way through the rumors the bomb blows up.
Generally, rumor propagation problem is seen as a population of $N$ OSN users, with close relationships among them, represented by the directed or undirected graph G(V, E). Individuals can be in different states: an ignorant, spreader or Stifler. The ignorant have not heard the rumor; spreader will have the function to spread the rumor, while Stifler is not interested in rumor.
It’s the only thing on the minds of both students and parents. The more exciting a rumour is, the easier it is spread. No one wants to keep it to themselves. They feel the urge to share it immediately, and become the one that everyone is listening to.