Heteroglossia - Langue and linguistic variation
Bakhtin developed the notion in contrast with the structuralist account of language, which was centered in the notion of langue, that is, the systematic set of rules determining the well-formedness of an expression or utterance. This concept, introduced by Saussure, emphasised the notion that the code conformed by the linguistic norms must be common to all speakers for communication to be possible. This was seen as a dangerous simplification by Bakhtin, who asserted that languages are internally divided, not simply into regional dialects, but also into many different strata, corresponding to all possible axes of social division; he thus posited a minutely nuanced variety of class-, ethnia-,
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He defines heteroglossia as "another's speech in another's language, serving to express authorial intentions but in a refracted way." Bakhtin identifies the direct narrative of the author, rather than dialogue between characters, as the primary location of this conflict.
Languages as points of view
Bakhtin viewed the modern novel as a literary form best suited for the exploitation of heteroglossia, in direct contrast to epic poetry (and, in a lesser degree, poetry in general). The linguistic energy of the novel was seen in its expression of the conflict between voices through their adscription to different elements in the novel's discourse.
Any language, in Bakhtin's view, stratifies into many voices: "social dialects, characteristic group behavior, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of generations and age groups, tendentious languages, languages of the authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions." This diversity of voice is, Bakhtin asserts, the defining characteristic of the novel as a genre.
Traditional stylistics, like epic poetry, do not share the trait of heteroglossia. In Bakhtin's words, "poetry depersonalizes 'days' in language, while prose, as we shall see, often deliberately intensifies difference between them..."
Extending his
Furthermore, the effectiveness of the language techniques utilised throughout the story and the relevance the novel has on contemporary audiences will be highlighted.
Likewise, the language the author uses also clarifies the tone and the theme of the novel. In many positions in the novel, languages such as grief, despair, hate, and revenge
A person’s dialect and accent can reveal a great deal about that person’s origin, place in society, and even personality. This is especially apparent when two people with different dialects communicate with each other. Great insight into this concept can be ascertained in analysis of the interactions between old Jafar and Aladdin from Disney’s film Aladdin. When looking at this except, it is apparent that the two characters have differing accents and other characteristics of dialect. These differences allow the audience to ascertain the characteristics and backgrounds of the characters, as well as the potential agenda of old Jafar. Old Jafar’s dialect, which differs greatly from that of Aladdin, plays a key role in Jafar’s ability to manipulate Aladdin, and contributes to the audience’s understanding of Jafar as a character.
The current interest in what has come to be called "multicultural" literature has focused critical attention on defining its most salient characteristic: authoring a text which appeals to at least two different cultural codes. (Wiget 258)
Fictional world . . . The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, settings, style dialogue and tone are literary techniques shown, through a selection of words, diction, one of the important literary elements, identify themes convey as part of the writer’s technique. For instance the author style, imagery is conveys vivid descriptive text: “Their manes were braided with streamers of sliver gold, and green.” Narrative, narrator first and third person, but what I read, interesting, the writer starts sentences with a prepositions and transitional words… As a writer, I will differently incorporated the author’s style in my writing . . . for example: “Or they could have none of that: it doesn’t matter”. “For more modest tastes I think there ought to be
In Gloria Anzaldúa article “How to Tame a Wild Tongue,” she shows us how different worlds so close can be so different. Anzaldúa shows that people have restricted freedom in society by the social norms set in them. Anzaldúa pressed her awareness and distraught on how people treat her depending on the type of language she uses. She also explains some of her emotions towards the way people are like with speaking and listening to accents. The article is how Anzaldúa explains how culture and accent shapes a person’s identity by being controlled and oppressed to fit into the social norms, which is how she creates cracks using language and code switching.
Amy Tan’s essay, “Mother Tongue” and Leslie Marmon Silko’s essay, Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective”, share similarities and differences. In both pieces of writing they explain the challenges that language has had on their lives but distinct views of how society perceives language.
One of the common techniques that I found in " The kite runner" and "Things fall apart" is that both of the novels used dialects. Khaled Hosseini uses African and Chinua Achebe Afghanistan dialects which helps us get a better understanding in the importance of the different dialects that is used throughout the book.
Trilogies like the Lord of The Rings and the Hobbit have had great historical and linguistic significance in the literary world, capturing the attention of many. However, the aesthetic and craft-like qualities of these works are at times ignored and not appreciated enough to create more interest. For a literary giant like J.R.R. Tolkien, his speech of Beowulf being noteworthy the way it is because of its artistic characteristics are only accomplished by the use of specific rhetorical devices to achieve his point. Taken from his essay “Beowulf:The Monsters and the Critics.” presented at the 1936 British Academy Lecture, he first starts off by presenting the arguments that have been formed about Beowulf and continues to counter argue them in order to make a stronger and more elaborate point, which is enhanced with his use of authoritative language. Tolkien also dives deep into written technique that is embedded into Beowulf, which is accompanied with a artistic-like analysis. In the end, Tolkien is successful in painting a picture to the audience his opinion about Beowulf’s artful qualities, because his effective use of rhetorical strategies throughout creates the poem to be more than a historical epic and piece of fiction.
In the world today, there are more and more multicultural people who can speak different languages; and they need to choose different tongues to correspond to the immediate community they belong. Language makes people remember their own cultures and contribute to their own identity. In “Mother Tongue,” a short story written by Amy Tan; she strongly narrates the stories about her different experiences and life comprehensions based on varying types of English she speaks throughout life. Wandering on two different languages; Amy discovers the importance and power of language: “the way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth” (Tan 38). As human beings, language is the tool that contains the mighty powers; it forcefully affects people’s lives, personality, and lifestyles. Moreover, language is the “bridge” of communication between people. However, for Amy, the views on mother’s language are changing from the sense of shame into pride; as she is feeling the effects that two different types of English are giving to her as well as their respective symbols in her mind.
Key features of language include its words and their sub structures such as morphemes, graphemes and syllables at the writing level as well as reading or speaking, words, their meanings and contexts in which the words get spoken or read. Language has to be interpreted as a whole, and not just as the specific word. There must be an explicit pattern or structure. In order for language to be understood correctly, the meaning of words must be arranged in a given context. This is what constructs language; even though words are arbitrary themselves, in order to integrate as a language, they must be used in the appropriate context. This pre-established cultural context is what will enable effective communication. (Daniel Willingham, 2007, p. 1).
Among the most important concepts to emerge are those relating to dialects and language standards. Sociolinguists have documented the presence of dialects in every language. These dialects, all of which are legitimate, are associated with educational, economic, social and historical conditions. Hence, even if an individual scrupulously studies all the possible dictionaries of a random language, he would still be somewhat of a stranger to that language since he is unaware of all the dialectal changes.
Throughout twenty-centuries ago, writers thought that ordinary language and literary language were two different languages. But this is an analytical assumption. There is only one language, which
There has been a long debate on whether language has an impact on cultures, and with much research from linguistic specialist, and professors the debate has been solved to say that, yes, in fact that language has an impact on cultures. In an article called, “Does Language influence culture?” Johnathan Becher makes a statement about how differences in each language seems to impact the behaviors, and how everyone interprets their surroundings. It is amazing how simple language comes off to be, and yet it can be so advanced. It impacts each culture differently; Johnathan Becher said that the way Russians express colors is more advanced than most others. They can express the difference between light blues, and dark blues in a very descriptive way. The extensive details can be results of each culture being
The word “epic” ignites a multitude of reactions in the minds of literature lovers and passive readers alike. Some people may think of the slang version of this term while other may fondly remember the theater. However, when one is conscious of literary analysis and literature, they can always fall back to the genre of an epic poem. In literary terms, an epic poem is considered to be a lengthy, narrative poem that has a focus on the exploits of a hero and is full of immense amounts of style and figurative language. Normally, by following this hero throughout the poem, the readers are introduced to the alignment between the poem with a specific nation or national identity. Several characteristics of epic poetry lend to this concept, especially those found in both The Faerie Queene and Paradise Lost. Both epic poems focus on historical context and on the characteristics of a heroic journey, the scale of the setting, and divine intervention in order to establish a trend of English nationalistic and religious identity.