History: Tunnels and Engineers

For thousands of years, the Aqueducts of Rome have inspired and changed the ways we look at water supply and usage today. The Romans used their engineering and building skills to improve the standard of life of the people of Rome, “Revolutionising” water collection and usage. By investigating the aqueducts of Rome and presenting evidence and information about how and why they were built, this report will question whether aqueducts were better built than today’s bridges.

The fourth factor was the amazing engineers, inventors, and architects in the Empire. By 200 AD the Romans had built 53,000 miles of roads throughout the Empire. The very first was built in 312 BC. They also invented sewers, central heating systems, and the first types of concrete. (Mahoney, 2001)

Both Rome and Han China equivalently constructed similar roads, bridges, and water development systems all to strengthen their economy. Verifications of this can be seen when Rome fully realized the potential of arches and bridges in their road systems that spanned more than 400,000 km of roads that were used for trade. Correspondingly, they also built aqueducts as a form of water engineering to constantly bring in a flow of water to the cities and towns. Similarly, Han China built massive fortified roadways for trade and walls for fortification comparable to the Great Wall of China as a means of defense. Also in comparison to Roman aqueducts, Han China built water canals as means to direct water as they pleased. These similarities defined their engineering skills as these inventions and constructions were used to help strengthen their economies. Rome built and constructed roads to aid their trade systems and make easier routes of travel. Furthermore, they used aqueducts to get water into the city saving money and the need for human labor. Similarly, Han China used their fortified roads to trade much easier and as a means of safer travel. This went hand in hand with China’s water canals that also aided their economy by directing water where needed saving much money and limiting the need for human labor as well.

Before the Roman aqueduct was engineered, the ancient Roman people depend on local water such as rainwater, springs, streams, and well water stored into cisterns or container. The water quality were a daily problem of the Romans and the droughts and drainage problems were even deadly. The engineering curiosity that implemented the rise of the Roman Empire and sustained the water solution. The Roman aqueducts was not all engineered by Roman inventions, the architects used the Greek designs like the columns and arches by the Etruscans. The aqueducts were built from a sequence of brick, stone, and special volcanic cement.

In document 8, the “flowing aqueducts” of the Roman Empire greatly increased the ability for people to live in very condensed areas, and therefore making the empire more efficient by allowing more people to live in smaller areas. The elected officials in each respected empire noted that, because of the technological advances, the empress benefited. Thus showing that the ideas of man to invent and reinvent are not always broken causes. Document 6 states that, the romans had very advanced roads built, roads built to last thousands of years. “For the roads were built to carry straight through the country without wavering and were paved with quarried stone and made solid by tightly packed sand.” This quote shows that, because of how technologically advanced the Romans were, they were able to build these roads, roads that still last

It all started in the invasion of Britain; the Roman army was forced into using old grass and mud track trails the Britons created, Roman Roads describes the roads as “Track ways that were sometimes thousands of years old and often went up and down hills for reasons that nobody could remember.” To add, the Roman legions needed new roads to move quicker to areas of trouble in Britain to keep them under control, and Roman generals also needed better roads to relay orders from soldiers stationed as far away as Hadrian’s wall. Good roads meant better trade on land making Rome and it’s emperor richer from taxes. Roman soldiers were given the task of planning and building roads, Roman Roads implies that “Roads did not always run perfectly straight, and they sometimes zig-zagged up hills and avoided obstacles, but the long stretches of roman roads that ran straight were the ones they remember today. These roman roads were so straight due to an instrument called the Groma, a pair of boards stuck together in a cross-shaped figure. Which had lines with weights hung from each corner to get a straight line by lining the weights with a pole a hundred meters away. They then dug ditches from each side to take the role of the drains, the earth from the ditches would be piled into the center and rammed down into a flat shape. Stones were then gathered and laid down into multiple layers as the means

Growing up, many young boys idolized the war heroes in movies such as Saving Private Ryan and American Sniper. However, in the poem "Tunnels," Yusef Komunyakaa portrays the theme of the true fear and lack of purpose experienced by the American soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War. This was done by showing the reader that any mistake could easily result in the death of a soldier. Through his use of poetic form and structure, figurative language, and diction Komunyakaa is able to effectively convey his theme.

The Underground Railroad, established by abolitionists in the early 19th century, was a dynamic and well-organized network for escaping slaves seeking rights and liberty from ruthless slave owners in the southern part of the United States with Canada as their main terminus in 1850-60. In this decade an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 fugitives reached Canada, while another 30,000 to 40,000 freedom seekers came through The Underground Railroad during the last decades of enslavement in the U.S. These African-American newcomers settled mainly in New Brunswick, Quebec, Nova Scotia, as well as various parts of present day Ontario. Amherstburg, Chatham, London, Oro, Woolwich, Windsor and Sandwich, Ontario became the first sanctuaries for those of the

21st century Americans often forget that our first best roads were not roads at all, but rivers. One of the first national infrastructure projects was a national road that allowed horses and wagons to safely travel from Maryland to Ohio, mostly across Southern Pennsylvania. If a Cincinnati farmer wanted to send his goods to the east coast in the early 19th century, it was cheaper and faster to send it down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers around the coast of Florida and up the east coast rather than to send it overland from Ohio.

In Rome, their two most important types of infrastructure included their aqueducts and their roads. According to World Rome History, the Romans build three types of roads: dirt, gravel, and fully paved. The dirt and gravel roads were built for walking and movement of cattle, while the paved roads could tolerate all types of movement, including heavier objects such as carriages (World Rome History). The Carthaginians utilized these roads as they tried to invade Rome. The Romans used the roads to maneuver around the Carthaginian forces, as well as, to expand their empire. The aqueducts were constructed to deal with the water demand issue. Throughout the city of Rome, eleven aqueducts were built, bringing a fresh supply of water to the

After reading Tunnels by Mariana Carreno King, I viewed the play in different colors. I envisioned the outside world colorful and everything underneath in the tunnels to be dark, monotone, and mute. Hence, since Ester has just left the outside world, her first outfit is colorful (pink top and blue jeans), while both Dee and Victoria, who live in the tunnels, wear grey and black. Ester is given a new change of clothes of which is a boring beige color. By showing a drastic change from a normal colorful outfit with tennis shoes (outfit is torn and dirty from traveling from the outside world into the tunnels), to a uniform monotone costume, I wanted to portray the feeling of dullness that comes from living in the tunnels. In addition, hair and

The expanse of Rome required a vast network of roads to connect the empire to aid with speedy communications and troop movements. The combination of concrete in addition to the use of arches allowed the romans to build the bridges necessary to keep those roads connected. As its cities grew, so did the need for water for its residents and again the Romans turned to the combination of concrete and arches to build great aqueducts. (Kamm,

Throught the tunnel, a story that has multiple symbolic statements, the most important one , the tunnel. This story tells us about a boy who We could say blood was spilt that day at thee bay. “-his nose bled so badly that he turned dizzy and had to lie limply over the big rock like a bit of seaweed,” (382). Blood in this story and in every other story symbolizes effort, risk, warning, caution.

A number of "traffic calming" measures were introduced, but this did not solve the problem. In fact those changes created numerous disruptions, increased traffic congestion, and provoked a large number of complaints from road users. The CCT has started to attract significant political attention, negative media and a strong resistance by the community. So what went wrong? It is evident that CKI and its partners need to act quickly and implement a plan that could allow them to get this project back on track and achieve the project goals.

Without aqueducts we would not have inventions such as sewage systems, fountains, and toilets, which would be extremely hard to live without. These engineering wonders transported pipelines and into city centers through gravity. These pipelines would also often be lead, stone, or concrete, which was also an invention the ancient romans take credit for. Aqueducts enlightened Roman cities from a dependence on nearby water materials and engaged more in sanitation and health publicity. The transportation of water flourished as far as fifty miles which was very convenient and constantly began to become more popular throughout the