Impact of Public Opinion on the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was the longest and most controversial war that involved the United States and it greatly impacted the United States. Some even compare this war to that of the United States’ involvement in Afghanistan. The Vietnam War lasted from November 1, 1955 until April 30, 1975. It was a cold war that took place in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao. North Vietnam backed by the Soviet Union was on one side against the opposing side of South Vietnam backed by the US, Philippines, and other non-communist countries. Between 1960 and 1973, many antiwar movements in the United States arose which consisted of many people who were united in the common cause to resist the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. They strongly believed that a war in Vietnam was clearly unjust and led to the United States’ decision to eventually withdrawn its troops from the war.

The Vietnam War made impacts on the movement back home. As in 1967 Martin Luther King Jr. even went against his own beliefs of not speaking out about the war he began preaching that it is truly sad to see African American people and the poor who can not make a living, being drafted (Doc C). Not only were they being drafted they were also dying at a much higher rate then just about every other group in society (Doc C). MLK also stated that these individuals were fighting to establish peace and rights over in Vietnam, while they did not even have these for themselves (Doc C). During the Vietnam years there still was some of the American population who supported the war, but would not speak out publicly about supporting the actions. This group was given the name the silent majority. Richard Nixon while in office spoke out about the group saying that the silent majority needs to speak out publicly as all the messages going around about the war are negative (Doc G). He also said in his speech that even though some people may not like the war everyone should help in the mind of creating peace in South Vietnam and that without everyone coming together in the nation that the US military could be defeated in the war (Doc

His arising failure began to reveal itself to many people whose then “attitudes[were] strongly influenced by the news media, particularly television”(Doc I). Angry citizens started rallies and protests as shown in (Doc E), Peace demonstrators display a large sign referring to LBJ as a war criminal during huge anti-Vietnam war protest at the Pentagon. In the point of view of these protesters, they are sick of the length, and death the war has caused, then blaming the President for it. Reasons for these types of protests included opposition to the draft; moral, and legal arguments against U.S. intervention; and reaction to the media portrayal of the devastation occurring. Also, many people lacked a clear idea of why we were even fighting in the war, this confusion turned into anger. However, not everyone was in opposition to Johnson's decisions, “a Gallup poll held in 1968 showed that 46% of Americans approved of Johnson’s handling of the war while 50% believed that it was essential to combat the expansion of communism in Southeast Asia”(Trueman). Lastly, with a detached country, we are displaying to our enemy weakness without even realizing. When North Vietnam sees this division, they'll be “led to believe that we are sorely divided”(Doc H). Unification is what a country need to seek in order to succeed. If a President is not supported by

Throughout America’s history, few things have left the nation in such controversial turmoil as the Vietnam War. With an American death toll of almost 60,000 troops, the Vietnam War has gone down in infamy as one of the most tremendous struggles Americans have faced both overseas and on the home front. Because of the tumultuous controversies caused by the war, Americans split into two social factions – those against the war and those who supported it. During the years of 1961-1975 - the era in which the war had its greatest effect on Americans - the population of citizens from 18-35 years old and the Presidency were both affected irreversibly.

In response to the tragedy and the Cambodia invasion, mass rallies were held in almost every major city in that month. The elite demographic, which includes doctors, lawyers and other professionals also flooded into Washington to display their opposition not only to the war but the increasing domestic violence. The incident dramatically affected Americans and it was further indicated through public opinion polls, which pointed blame towards the National Guard. To many Americans, the domestic upheaval following Cambodia and Kent State suggested that the country was becoming unhinged according to Melvin Small. Newspapers such as the New York Times suggested that the United States was as divided as it had been since the Civil War. Individuals that would identify themselves as pro-war now felt that the war’s cost in terms of domestic consequence outweighed the benefits of continuing the war. The White House was now in full damage control following the Kent State shootings. Public opinion polls showed a 31 percent approval for the war following the Kent State massacre. In response, White House officials anxiously discussed how to contain the uproar. According to David Anderson and John Ernst in their book titled, “The War That Never Ends: Student Opposition to the Vietnam War,” White House officials agreed that it was important to avoid steps that would further

1)"Although the some Americans still supported their government policy in Vietnam in 1965, as the war went on, more and more Americans turned against it. The Vietnam War had been described to the US public as one where the richest and most powerful country would have a lot of problems defeating one of the smallest and poorest countries in the world. The protests against the war started

In 1967 the anti-war movement caused Lyndon Johnson to start a major propaganda campaign with the aim of convincing the American people that the war in Vietnam was being won. Johnson never managed to gain public opinion, but neither did the movement. According to Johnson’s white house aide and confidant Doris Kearns the anti-war movement had a “deep personal effect on him” and “drained his self-esteem and energy.” He went on to limit the bombing and not seek re-election with the hope that he would salvage his place in history by making progress in negotiating an end to the war and restoring unity at home. This hope was not fulfilled and Richard Nixon went on to be elected as president.

Another reason American adults were against the war was because of the weapons and strategic tactics used in the war. As stated in “Weapons of the Vietnam War”, Weapons used in the Vietnam War were more mortifying than in any other war. The communist side (the Soviet Union) used not only your standardized weapons, but they also used toxic chemicals and explosives (History.com). South Vietnam was in real trouble, the American-manufactured weapons were no match to the devastating weapons that the communists used. Back at the homefront, people were horrified when they caught wind of what was happening out in battle, this egged on more protests. In accordance with “Vietnam War Protests”, The SDS organized more Anti-war marches and other protests after the United States retaliated on North Vietnam by beginning to bomb them (History.com). The cost of materials were going up and it was getting more expensive to make the bombs and other weapons, the U.S. was putting a whole $25 billion a year into manufacturing these supplies. This upset Americans not just on a moral level anymore, but also on an economic level; the government

Although the war was ten years old in 1965, there was no sign that North Vietnam would be defeated. By this time many Americans became opposed to the war. Some thought a war in Vietnam was not America’s concern. They were angry to see young Americans die while fighting for another country. Others were just generally opposed to human beings killing each other. Vietnam War protests became common in America.

In 1963, the United States sent in 2,000 military advisors to support the South Vietnamese government in the war (Digital History). At the beginning of the war, many Americans believed that defending South Vietnam from communist aggression was in the country’s favor, although as the war continued, that opinion drastically changed (“The Antiwar Movement”). In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson escalated the war by starting air strikes on North Vietnam. Later on in the war, the 1968 Tet Offensive turned many Americans against the war. This was a large series of attacks resulting in many South Vietnamese and American casualties (Digital History). President Richard Nixon served from 1969 to 1974 and when he was inaugurated the nation was deeply divided by the war and over what was going to happen next. As the war continued more and more Americans grew impatient over the increasing amount of casualties and escalating costs throughout the war. There were large gatherings of anti-war protesters that helped bring attention to the public resentment of the US involvement in the Vietnam War. By the late 1960s, peaceful demonstrations became violent and the anti-war movement was rapidly growing (“The Antiwar Movement”). Protests across the country were part of opposition against the military draft and US

Television was a major participant in this opposition towards the war. Reporters were able to capture living images of the war and bring it directly into the homes of millions Americans. Reporters were able to captures the audience’s attention with heart-felt stories about the death of soldiers and the impact that had on their loved ones back home. The media used these images to make Americans question whether the war was worth it. With incidents like the Kent State massacre, the media was able to use those images which made American fear the government completely which added to the anti-war movement. All three presidents who served in office during the Vietnam War felt opposition from the media. This is extremely important to note the media was not basis to one of the presidents and that the media just opposed the war in general. Although they opposed Nixon and his war efforts the most, but Johnson and Kennedy felt the effects as well. This opposition the media had towards the war also made it extremely difficult for the presidents to gain and maintain the nations support when it came to the war efforts. Anti-war songs, posters and various other types of propaganda all added to the disapproval of the war. To this day, many people still question if the media is to blame for the loss of the Vietnam

In the 1960s, the Vietnam War greatly affected American society, as many citizens did not condone of the egregious war, prompting protests. Following attacks by the North Vietnamese, the United States began bombing North Vietnam, leaving Americans to question the government’s motives in this war. Only a small number of citizen backed the anti-war movement at first; however, the exorbitant number of causalities, along with the draft system, caused even more individuals to join the movement. The anti-war protest gained an abundance of publicity and respect after Civil rights leader, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Veterans of Vietnam backed the effort (“Vietnam War Protests”). The atmosphere of protest affected nearly all aspects of life in the

The Vietnam War certainly left a distaste in the lives of many who have been affected by the war; scholars have become increasingly interested in the interaction between war and public opinion. There have been many scholarly works published on the Vietnam War, but the issue that will be analyzed here is how public opinion changed the course of the war. The first article by Scott Gartner and Gary Segura is titled, “Race, Casualties, and Opinion in the Vietnam War,” it examined how the diverse races within America in combination with the atrocities in the war led to the formation of opinions that were similar in one race but were different in another race. The second article by Paul Burstein and William Freudenburg titled, “The Impact of

Since the Vietnam War, the public's opinion has played major roles in how policymakers operate. Their opinions may not always support to choices which are best for the country, however they are still factored into the decision making. Richard Sobel discusses several cases on how the public's attitudes have affected policymaker's decisions in his book, "The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam."

The Vietnam War's controversy spurred a great many sources of protest, against our government's use of power, how far we could stretch the rights of free expression, and primarily against the violence of the war itself. "There were said to be three stages of the antiwar movements. "The first phase (1964-1965) was idealistic. The second phase (1966-1968) was more pragmatic, a period when young people characteristically protested not on principal, but out of a desire not to be drafted and killed. The third phase (1969-1972) coincided with the de-Americanization of the war"(Jeffreys-Jones, 43). The administration received disapproval in its acts. Soldiers returned home from battle not to be renowned as heroes, but as killers. Although, some soldiers abroad even took part in the anti war movement; "The antiwar movement spread directly among the combat troops in Vietnam, who began to wear peace symbols and flash peace signs and movement salutes. Some units even organized their own demonstrations to link up with the movement at home" (Schlight, 45). "Many college professors, businesspeople, parents of draft-age youth, religious leaders, doctors, lawyers, politicians and entertainers also voiced their objections to American involvement in the Vietnam War" (Jeffreys-Jones, 77).However the war turned out to be a failure and the moral of American society was low. We see a reflection of that now with the war in Iraq. The support of the war