Joseph Jacques-Jean Chretien: Canadian Prime Minister

success. He will forever be known as one of the greatest Prime Ministers in Canadian

After the 1980 referendum, a new crisis emerge to implicate Levesque and other provincial premiers to Trudeau threats of repatriate the constitution and enshrined the Charter of Rights from Britain. In November 198, Leveque and other premiers who opposed to Trudeau plan gather in Ottawa to negotiate the Trudeau’s proposal. However, Trudeau quick won over the English-speaking support by the promise of “Notwithstanding Clause” which limit the power of the federal government over provincial authority. Levesque felt betrayed by the former allies who signed the agreement with Trudeau, but Levesque refused to sign the agreement. Trudeau succeeded in achieving his objective; the right of Francophones outside Quebec to have their own schools; the Anglophones who come to Quebec from different provinces to have right would have access to English school. Nevertheless, Trudeau’s new constitution did not recognized Quebec as distinct society and no veto rights, but gave Quebec the right to opting out with no financial

In Canadian history, nationalism and sovereignty tend to be common themes prevalent since Confederation. A well-known example of this in Quebec was during the Quiet Revolution which strengthened the need for change through Premier Lesage’s reforms and in turn, developed a strong sense of nationalism in Quebec. In contrast to beliefs that the rapid modernization of the Quiet Revolution had a positive impact on Quebec, it rather had a negative impact on Quebec and its citizens and identity. The three consequences which arose in Quebec as a result of the revolution are the encouragement of separatism, the elimination of traditional values and roles and the establishment of powerful bureaucratic control. Quebec’s attempt to be more like the

The historical context of the Quebec Separatist movement included The Quiet Revolution. The Quiet Revolution was when small groups try to make Quebec independent especially FLQ. The small groups members were Francophones, French-speaking citizens. Their ideals was to make Quebec independent from Canadaś government. First, Canada made a bill stating that it will create a better future for Canada. “The Official Language Bill is a reflection of the nature of this country as a whole and of a conscious choice we are making about our future.” (World History: The Modern Era) Canada thought it was necessary to have one language, and it will make them feel united. After this bill was established, Canada’s government regretted and believed that there should be two official language. Yet the citizens of Canada were still deciding if they wanted that law to pass. “We believe in two official languages and in a pluralist society, not

The movement of Quebec sovereignty, if it were to be implemented, would have substantial consequences, not only on Quebec but also on Canada as a whole. For this reason, the movement should be challenged. It is ironic how much of Quebec advocates for independence, yet the effects would be economically detrimental. If Quebec succeeded in being granted independence, it “would need to negotiate with the rest of Canada about assuming its share of federal debt” (Ragan, Christopher). This additional debt, which would equate approximately to 154 billion dollars, would be equal to 92 percent of the province’s gross domestic product (Ragan, Christopher). Undoubtedly, this would shake Quebec’s fiscal stability. There is also the possibility of Quebec

In 1980, he and his party, Parti Quebecois, called a referendum on the topic of Quebec sovereignty. He asked the Quebecois to present his government with a mandate to negotiate with Canada for a new agreement based on sovereignty-association. This meant that Quebec would become independent from Canada politically but stay closely associated with Canada economically. The partnership would mean free trade between Quebec and Canada; both nations would have the same currency and both would have the same tariffs on imported goods. Prime Minister Trudeau promised the negotiation of a new constitution that would recognize Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and an equal partner in confederation. Then, during the referendum, only 40% of the Quebecois actually voted for sovereignty-association. This referendum caused a rift between the people in Quebec because it led to Trudeau making an opposing argument that split Quebecois opinions. They remained divided on the issue as shown by the close vote for the referendum, which shows the separation in views. Additionally, the referendum not only caused tensions among fellow Quebecois, but also between the Quebecois and English Canadians. Quebec was trying to separate from Canada in order to distance itself from other Canadian cultures and preserve its own. So the fact that

Though the beginning of the separatist movement was marred by fighting and violence, the vast majority of the conflict has been a political one. The reason for the revolution in Quebec stems from the restrictions placed upon the populace by the English. These restrictions were on both the language and culture of the Quebecois, and caused them to feel trapped in under the English rule, for lack of a better term. This revolution is on a much less certain foot than the others however, with many of the younger citizens not remember the restrictions of days

The reason why it was such a defining moment in our history was because it would have completely changed the way our country it had it gone slightly differently. The referendum for Quebec to actually separate was relatively close. It potentially could have gone either way with the close 60 percent to 40 percent vote, and the fact that it was voted upon to stay with Canada greatly affects our lives today. Had Quebec decided to leave Canada and create their own country, everything would be different. Canada would be split into two, with the western provinces on one side and the Maritimes on the other. The exit of Quebec would probably lead to francophone special rights being taken away as the majority of francophones live in Quebec. Our sole official language would then become English and we would no longer have to learn French in school. Therefore, the Quebec Sovereignty movement was, in my opinion, the most important

Pierre Elliot Trudeau was arguably one of the most vivacious and charismatic Prime Ministers Canada has ever seen. He wore capes, dated celebrities and always wore a red rose boutonniere. He looked like a superhero, and often acted like one too. Some of the landmark occurrences in Canadian history all happened during the Trudeau era, such as patriating the constitution, creating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the 1980 Quebec Referendum. However, it is Trudeau’s 1969 “white paper” and the Calder legal challenge which many consider to be one of his most influential contributions to Canadian history.

The concept of recognizing Quebec as a distinct society is an idea that has been kicking around for some time, but just what does it mean and what are its broader implications? This paper will examine the origins of the term, what it means, and its historical context. It will then examine rival interpretations of federalism. The essay will conclude with an in-depth examination of the concept's involvement with the failed constitutional accords and the failed Quebec succession attempts.

The government had seen this new policy as a way for first nations to participate in Canadian society. Jean Chretien was a positive figure in canadian history as he believed that being a prime minister was not about power but was about responsibility. As well as the fact that he had taxes

Pierre Elliot Trudeau was the Prime Minister of Canada between 1968-79 and between 1980-84. He was arguably one of the most controversial people in Canadian history, and was widely known across the world. When Trudeau was elected as Prime Minister, he became extremely popular due to his charismatic personality, which was different compared to previous leaders. This sparked “Trudeaumania”, the name given to his campaign due to his popularity among Canadians. However, before he became Prime Minister, he reformed the laws in the Criminal Code and liberalized certain laws on abortion and homosexuality while he was Justice Minister.

Should Quebec pursue sovereignty or not? people of the nation were very persistent in making their opinions clear as to yes or no. In 1980 politician Rene Levesque, wanted independence as there was a referendum on Quebec gaining this independence. Sixty percent of the nation voted no towards sovereignty. Later in 1995, There was another referendum due to the discontent of The Meech Lake Accord. During this referendum there was hope that Quebec would finally become a proud independent nation. However, this time, the the vote was the same, only a closer percentage.50.58 percent of Quebecers voted no, and 49.42 percent voted yes. This encouraged Quebec that they belonged to Canada. Taking the votes into consideratiom showed a very distinct, yet

" This is now a catchphrase in North American politics. Five of the terrorists in charge were found and part of the negotiation for James Cross' life, they sent them to Cuba, however, they eventually came back to Canada where they served many years in prison. In 1980, Quebec had its first referendum, they wanted to be its own sovereign country and split away from Canada. Trudeau was recognized for their defeat in keeping them linked to Canada. Levesque, the minister of the government of Quebec, refused to apply referendum while Trudeau was still in office.

Finally in 1867, the United Canadas joined two other British Colonies, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to form the Dominion of Canada (McRoberts 1991, 413). French-Canadians continued to fight against assimilation and received autonomous privileges with exclusive jurisdiction over matters regarding its cultural distinctiveness***. Thus, the Francophone language and culture has always been at the forefront of Quebec priorities. Since Confederation, Quebec nationalist have felt that the Francophone language and culture has been at risk of assimilation by the rest of Canada. As a result, Quebec nationalism is fundamentally rooted in the preservation of the Francophone language and culture (Guiberneau 2006, 52). Political leaders in Quebec continuously urge for the recognition that Canada is composed of two nations or cultures (McRoberts 1991, 413). Prior to confederation Quebec enjoyed numerous autonomous privileges. Unfortunately, post-confederation Quebec did not enjoy as many autonomous privileges because Canada was created as a relatively centralized federation (Beland and Lecours 2007, 406). A centralized federation not only took several of these autonomous powers away from Quebec, but it also threatened the Francophone language and culture (Beland and Lecours 2007, 406). With this said, Quebec nationalism has placed a great deal of pressure on the federal government to decentralize, giving more powers to provincial governments.