Landscape Perspective

Although Stonehenge and the Pyramids are both marvels of the ancient world, the differ from each other in many ways. While the construction for both began around the same time period – construction for Stonehenge began around 3100 BCE (Dr. Senta German) while the pyramids began around 2580 BCE (The Great Pyramid of Giza) – the time spent building Stonehenge far exceeded the time spent building the Pyramids. Unlike the Pyramids, Stonehenge was built in three phases. The first phase of construction began “when a great circular ditch about six feet deep was dug with a bank of dirt within it about 360 feet in diameter, with a large entrance to the northeast and a smaller one to the south” (Dr. Senta German). Within this ditch, known as a henge, were 56 pits, known as Aubrey holes filled with either upright bluestones or upright wooden beams, whose original purpose is unknown. The second phase began approximately 100-200 years later and involved a circle of upright wooden posts in the center of this henge. More upright posts were also erected near the northeast and southern entrances. During this phase, the site of Stonehenge was used for burials; “at least 25 of the Aubrey holes were emptied and reused to hold cremation burials and another 30 cremation burial pits were dug into the ditch of the henge and in the eastern portion within the henge enclosure” (Dr. Senta German). During the third and final stage, occurring 400-500 years later, Stonehenge was completely remodeled. The central wooden beams from stage two

In recent years, ancient burial grounds have been frequently disturbed due to increasing surveillance by anthropologists and constructed on by state-of-the-art technology and are more critically protected than ever before. Understanding the importance of burial grounds gives an insight on the rich history of ancient Hawaii. They have influenced the burials performed, ancestors and their modern inhabitants, and how they have impacted modern Hawaii. Burial methods will range from the tallest peaks on land to burying those in the ocean. Ancestors influence these methods depending on their rank and actions, having their modern descendants have a choice to inherit these arrangements and protect their ancestors.

Now if the dead are buried far away from their homes, graves are decorated with the idea that the dead return their first and then to their how with livens. Mexicans visit graveyards, decorate the graves in their best forms and spend time there, in the presence of their departed friends, family members and lovesome. In some villages, they lay flower petals as paths, candles and offerings along the path leading from the cemetery to their homes. The spirits will be able to find their way. In some communities, it is expected to spend the whole night in the cemetery, and people throw a party of it, having a picnic supper, playing music, talking and drinking through the night. Gatherings are often held during the yearly event, it can involve the

This complexity incorporated larger size communities with more structure, interregional connections, and increased material culture. The 6th millennium BC Bandkeramik culture in western Hungary is highly characterized by its pottery with banded intricate decoration and timber-built longhouses. By 500BC, Bandkeramik was replaced by regional groups defined by their pottery types as well. Rossen and Michelsberg in the west and Lengyel in the east. The Trichterbecher culture is best known for their funnel-necked beakers. Megalithic, or large stone, monuments are another characteristic of the Neolithic transition. Stonehenge in southern Britain is one of the most famous. Chambered tombs also became common containing the remains of hundreds of people. The Carnac area in southern Brittany contains clusters of impressive monuments including stone rows and adjacent burial mounds. Many axes that were found within these mounds have been compared using spectroradiometric analysis and are tracked back to other regions throughout the continent. Another prominent 6th millennium BC culture was that of the Ertebolle-Ellerbek in northern Germany. They were known for their pottery vessels of either pointed-base pots or oval bowls. Their culture demonstrated social complexity through their cemeteries in which social ranking played a

When discussing ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom, many things come to mind like Pharaohs and their queens and Egyptian Gods such as Horus. However, what really leaves an imprint on us and the world is the huge Egyptian Pyramids. Egyptians spent most of their life preparing for the afterlife while they were alive. Having the perfect tomb was of the utmost importance. In this research paper, I will talk about the meaning of the afterlife and what it meant to Egyptians, the building structure behind these great pyramids such as the Pyramid of Menkaure, and what it meant to be a Pharaoh at the time.

An Egyptian funerary ritual consists of death and the soul’s journey to the afterlife. Historian Bunson once said, ”Eternity was the common destination of each man, women and child in Egypt”, however, not an Egypt in the clouds or sky, but one that mirrored one’s life on earth. The Fields of Reeds was the Egyptian afterlife which was a perfect reflection of the deceased’s life on earth. These burial rites were practiced as early as 4000 BCE and help reflect this vision of eternity. Next was the mummification process, which was practiced in Egypt as early as 3500 BCE. After a person had died, the family would bring the body to embalmers. Then the embalmers would offer three choices to the bereaved. The first was (Ikram, 53) which involved the family agreeing upon a price and leaving the task to the embalmers. For ( Ikram, 53) the embalmers would have the internal organs removed, to help preserve the body. Then the organs were put in jars and left in tomb with the wrapped body. The second chose was (Osiris) and it was the most expensive of the three choices. If this process is chosen the body is laid out on a table and the brain is extracted from the body, before they deceased is wrapped and buried. The last choice of the three is (Nardo, 110) which represents the cheapest of them all. In this choice nothing was removed from the body, the embalmers would simply wash out the intestines

They used to build a mastaba, for their dead people. However, the design of the mastaba depends on the wealth status of the individual. For instance, people in power had their mastaba designed by an architect. Sophisticated mastabas defined power and wealth level of the individual. In the second dynasty, the communities used to bury their people with different designs (Dunand and Lichtenberg 9). For those in power, they used to build pyramids for their tombs with stone mastaba surrounding the tombs of people with high ranks. The idea is that most people with high status were royal relatives making them get sophisticated burial

The holistic landscape approach attempts to recognize and document the interactions between the urban centers and their hinterlands and then to incorporate this into archaeological models (Ur 2009). This technique allows archaeologists to fill in the map of the regions under study. This allows the archaeologists to look beyond the site in order to understand the social and economic constructs that allowed the urban centers to survive. This gives archaeologists a far better understanding of both the urban centers and the people who live outside

From the perspective of a psychologist, the traditional cultural anthropological practice of excavating burial sites for research and how the practice should not continue is extremely relevant to their work. From a psychologist’s point of view, the conventional way of excavating burial sites would be deemed unethical for a number of reasons. Psychologists would agree that any physical remains, whether it is a physical body or an artifact, has great emotional meaning to the society/community it belongs to. When the physical remain(s) is/are taken from the society or community, it would evoke a strong negative reaction as the people would think of the remain(s) as part of who they are as a culture and as people, causing a public outcry, as well as the morality of the situation questioned.

Typically when we think of henges we think of stonehenge. Interestingly enough, there are many henges across Europe. For example, woodhenge is the remains of a complex timber structure. West Kenner Long Barrow is the largest chambered tomb in Europe. Sillburry Hill is the largest mound in Europe and is so large that it is thought to have taken 500 men working every day for 10 years to complete this structure. Aveburry which is one of the largest henges may have been a grand cermonial site. Lastly, Stanton Drew which is second in size to Aveburry is 100 meters across. Through research with a mangetometer, wood posts were placed in a circle which may have been used for blood

One way that Cather symbolizes nature is through the landscape. It is seemingly the largest and most obvious symbol in the story. It is one of the best parts of the book in my opinion. It shows there is a larger idea of our environment, it shows that there’s more than just what we see when it comes to things around us. It’s a place we live in, we work in, we raise families in, we have some of the best and worst times in. It comes to show that Jim’s relationship is very important on its own, but it also brings to the front his relationship with the people and cultures of where he lives. The landscape mirrors Jim’s feelings, there are points when it looks desolate when he is lonely or upset. He also looks back through the landscapes of his childhood.

Stonehenge was built in Britain. The Stonehenge symbolizes mystery, power, and endurance and there are 80 stones all together and all weighing 4 tons and 50 tons teach and were approximately built 5,000 years ago. Some people speculated that it was a temple made for the worship of ancient earth gods. The ancients would have been worth the effort and investment that it took to construct Stonehenge. The natives of England constructed Stonehenge by digging with deer antlers as picks, the circle is 320 feet in diameter, and the ditch itself is 20 feet wide and 7 feet deep. Modern experiments have shown that these tools were more than equal to the great task of earth digging and moving. Modern theories speculate that the stones were dragged by roller and sledge from the inland mountains to the headwaters of Milford Haven. Modern work studies estimate that at least 600 men would have been needed just to get each stone past this obstacle. Some people argue that space aliens constructed Stonehenge. Others argue that Stonehenge was a place of ancient healing, and archaeologists have discovered skeletons at the site riddled with

Extraordinary constructions of monuments seem to have been the staple for the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization yet their purposes proved somewhat different. For the Sumerian civilization, the construction of the ancient monuments served a multiple purpose as social, economic and religious centers and in the latter half of the third millennium B.C.E. the Ur-based civilization focused on building schemes for their administrative, economic and agricultural benefits. In contrast, the Egyptian civilization during the peak of the Fourth Dynasty’s power during the reign of the first three rulers of the dynasty: Cheops, Khufu and Menkuare] focused on building projects aimed at edifying the political and religious power of the civilization (Wake 29). Indeed, one needs only consider the fact that while the pyramids of Egypt served as funereal complexes for their rulers the ziggurats of ancient Mesopotamia served as cultural museums and offices for their people.

In this video, I learned that Romania is the most unspoiled region in Europe. In Transylvania: Cluj Napoca there is a wave of painters and plenty of art, botanical gardens, a huge collection of plant ancient wooden villages, skills and techniques/ for working with wood are preserved and nurtured. They enable a continuation of architecture. In Maramures: Sapanta, the wild existence is tough, they were backed hot summers and Siberian winters. They have an upbeat attitude to life and sensation. Sapanta has a happy cemetery that's more of a tribute to the people who lived there rather than just a graveyard. The cemetery is not about death it’s about a celebration of life, people's stories. They also have religious festivals, celebrations

Presentations, Methods, and Media has truly been a gateway to what I believe to be the rest of my education in the Landscape Architecture program. I have thoroughly enjoyed every aspect of this class. It acts as the training wheels for our design, style, technique, and literacy in the field. If we didn’t have a baseline built by this class I personally, as well as many of my peers would quite honestly be lost.