Pain is the most predominant symptom experience after an injury and dressing changes only add to the pain. A method is required to decrease the amount of pain during a dressing change to help promote wound healing and increase hand function (Guo, Deng, & Yang, 2014). Some of the treatments we use presently in the hospital to decrease pain, such as analgesics, can cause “respiratory depression, decrease blood pressure and other side effects” (Guo et al., 2014, p.116). Another treatment used is a “narcotic dressing” which can significantly increase the cost of treatment. This study looks at the use of a nonpharmacological way of decreasing pain during a dressing change by the use of virtual reality distraction. The purpose of this research study …show more content…
The first dressing change series had a total of 98 patients that were separated randomly into two groups of 49 individuals each (Guo et al., 2014). Some of the criteria to be included in the study include: “serious hand injuries, debridement or suturing within 72 hours of injury, age greater than 18 years old, male or female, the ability to complete the scale and volunteer for the research” (Guo et al., 2014, p. 116). There was no major difference between the two groups, which means that the anxiety levels between them were comparable. The data was collected by using a visual analog scale, which compared the pain levels between the two groups before and after the dressing change. Both groups were subjected to three dressing changes. The experimental group was given equipment that used a realistic 3D film “Afanda” which was played 5 minutes prior to the completion of the dressing change, while the control group did not receive the virtual reality. The visual analog scale was recorded within 5 minutes of the dressing change (Guo et al., 2014). There are three different categories of pain: mild pain is less than three, moderate pain is between three and six, and severe pain which is more than six points. This pain assessment describes the pain based on the patient’s perspective (Pagare n.d.) “If a patient’s pain is five but decreases to three with an intervention, then the intervention measures are …show more content…
Guo et al.’s (2014) states that when analgesics are unavailable, this tool is convenient for nurses to use. There are many resources necessary to implement virtual reality distraction. The study used many devices including: a pair of ultra-high-resolution 3D glasses, headphones, mouse, computer and the 3D film (Guo et al., 2014). These resources may not be readily available in undeveloped Countries. They also may have a large cost that some hospitals may not be able to afford. This can be another limitation in regards to who is able to access the resource. In the future, knowing that a patient’s pain can be relieved by nonpharmacological means will help provide better care. Many patients do not like taking analgesics in fear that they will become addicted. This method may help alleviate the patients’ anxiety since the fear of addiction is not present if they are not taking analgesics. The institution that the patient is receiving care at may not have the resources needed for virtual reality. However, knowing that the pain is decreased with virtual reality distraction will allow nurses to adapt this method to what they have available. For example, allowing the patient to watch television, listen to music, or play a game on their mobile devise will help distract them during the dressing change.
“The average of the three blocks revealed the intended pain (M 5 3.62, SD 5 0.99) was experienced as more painful than unintended pain (M 5 3.00, SD 5 0.78), t(41) 5 2.21, p 5 .03, prep 5 .91” (Gray and Wegner, 2008). This study represents how the idea of pain can change depending on the way that person was harmed. Essentially, the intentional pain sensation we feel has shown that it tends to sting more than if it were unintentional
The psychological processes in the article include pain perception, and how we as humans perceive pain, how we react to it, and how we adapt to it. The article explains the pain signaling process and how pain can be amplified. For example, when we get pricked by a needle, a signal from our finger ascends through the spinal cord to reach parts of the brain. From there, we perceive pain, then we form a pain experience. Pain perception can be resulting from several factors such as the frequency of pain input, how sensitive the CNS is, How the body reacts after brain perceives and tries to send information to the injured area. A pain experience is when we have the urge to put a band aid on our injury, or be scared to get pricked from a needle again. However, each pain experience differs from one culture to the other, moreover, one person to the other. The article is conducting a research paper about pain and pain perception in different ethnic groups.
Whilst carrying out the procedure I felt confident with my practice of the dressing change using the Aseptic technique. Although I was slightly nervous and self-conscious as I was aware that the trained Nurse was observing me, I felt that this did not come across in my body language or my practice. When the Nurse told me that I was not using the Aseptic Non Touch Technique I felt unsure of the whole process which then led to me re-evaluating my practice within this area.
This paper will define the term pain and how it pertains to the comfort theory. Next, there will be discussion from relevant literature in regards to pain. Its defining attributes will be
First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find a base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the “so know pain pills”, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain also address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is.
Pain perception can be less than might be expected from the extent of a physical injury. This was proven by a scientist called Susana Bantick, Oxford University, and colleagues who carried out a study on the influence of attention distracting pain processing (Bantick et al, 2002). During the experiment, brain processing was measured by measuring brain activity using fMRI. Participants rated pain from 1-10 when noxious heat stimulus was applied to their hand in the scanner. She then followed the same process but gave them a task which required cognitive processing; reducing the amount of focused attention on pain. Bantick, therefore, showed attention distraction can reduce the amount of pain perceived by the individual, also pain processing to the brain was reduced. This provides vital evidence that pain perception does not just depend on the injury alone.
The practice of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been around for approximately four decades now. During this time there have been improvements to the technology and the understanding of how to use this form of patient pain control; however, there continues to be concern related to the safety and efficacy of PCA. As this analysis proceeds it will briefly explain what PCA is and how it is used, then delve into the benefits and the safety issues surrounding PCA use as it pertains to the patient and the nurse. Some of the benefits of PCA include improved pain management, improved use of nursing resources, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced pulmonary issues (Hicks, Sikirica, Nelson, Schein & Cousins, 2008). Some of the safety
More than two thirds of amputees develop phantom limb pain (PLP). For this reason, there is much needed research to find an effective way to relieve this type of pain. Unlike any other pain such as nociceptive pain, phantom pain is tricky to treat with medication. There are other studies that have been done using mirror therapy and showed its significances in reducing phantom pain. However, there seem to be lack of research in the comparison in the effectivity of pain reduction with using pharmaceuticals versus mirror therapy. The purpose is the compare the two types of pain reducers and find their effectivity. The study is a randomized control trail that will be conducted at an outpatient facility. There will be 60 subjects who
Pain is an obvious consequence of injuries and surgery, but it is also a common symptom of ill health. A complex experience, with many variables that can influence the patient experience and interpretation. The various factors include age, gender, culture influences, social class, personality and emotional factors such as anxiety, fear and depression which do not necessarily increase the patient’s pain experience, but will affect their reaction to it.
Pain is subjective and identifying pain objectively is very complex. It can influence the patient’s behavior and can negatively affect the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure. When caring for these individuals and attempting to control their pain,
Research dedicated to pain reassessment and documentation is wide ranging and mostly focused on topics to medical pain management in critically ill hospitalized patients. An extensive review of literature was performed to obtain the latest research on pain reassessment and documentation and the different methods suggested to improve the pain management protocols. The database used for this study were Science Direct, Journal Club, and CINAHL. Database were mainly accessed through Grand Canyon University Online Library. Database also included Google Scholar and American Association of Pain Management, Society of Pain Management Nursing etc. Review of literature was limited only by searching for articles published in English and particularly written
Multimodal intervention along with attentive care and patient participation is necessary to achieve a balance between analgesia and side effects. Assumptions to the conceptual framework must be identified to understand the specific relevance of the theory to pain
The most common reason that people seek medical care is pain, and pain is the leading cause of disability (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 51; National Institute of Health, 2010). Pain is such an important topic in healthcare that the United States congress “identified 2000 to 2010 as the Decade of Pain Control and Research” (Brunner L. S., et al., 2010, p. 231). Unfortunatelly, patients are reporting a small increase in satisfaction with the pain management while in the hospital (Bernhofer, 2011). Pain assessment and treatment can be complex since nurses do not have a tool to quantify it. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, however, we do not have numbers to guide our interventions. Pain is a subjective expirience that cannot be shared easily. Since nurses spend more time with patients in pain than any other healthcare provider, nurses must have a clear understanding of the concept of pain (Brunner, et al., 2010). Concept analysis’ main objective is to clarify ideas, to enhance critical thinking, and to promote communication (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). This paper will examine the concept of pain using Wilson’s Steps of Concept Analysis (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000).
The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.
Engwall (2009) defined pain as a "symptom and a warning that something is wrong in an organism” (p 370). Rathmell et al., (2006) maintained that fear of uncontrolled pain can be a traumatic situation for a patient undergoing surgery. Moreover, Pellino, et al (2005) sustained that “pain is a multidimensional experience, consisting of not only physical stimuli but also psychological interpretations of pain” (p. 182). Alleviating peri-operative pain is traditionally achieved with the use of pharmacological interventions. analgesia can incur undesirable side-effects like drowsiness, nausea and vomiting. Controlling the pain by complimenting analgesics with the use of non-pharmacological interventions, might ameliorate patients’ response to pain with fewer resultant side-effects. Thus, the need to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological measures such as music, relaxation, hypnosis and others is highly solicited in the evolving heath system (Pyati & Gan, 2007).