Neither Gaap Nor Ifrs Require Companies To Prepare Interim

Inventory at beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases less cost of items withdrawn for personal use . . . . . . . Cost of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional section 263A costs (attach statement) . . . . . . . . . . Other costs (attach statement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total. Add lines 1 through 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of goods sold. Subtract line 7 from line 6. Enter here and on page 1, line 2 Check all methods used for valuing closing inventory: (i) Cost as described in Regulations section 1.471-3 (ii) Lower of cost or market as described in Regulations section 1.471-4 Other (specify method used and attach explanation) (iii)

There is no universal GAAP standard and the specific vary from one geographic location or industry to another. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mandates that financial reports adhere to GAAP requirements. The financial accounting standards Board (FASB) stipulates GAAP overall and the Governmental accounting standards Board (GAAP) stipulates GAAP for state and local government. Publicly traded companies must comply with both SEC and GAAP requirements. In recent years it also has had the chance to look at the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and modify the rules to enhance clarity and consistency, intentionally setting itself apart from U.S. GAAP. The convergence of these two accounting frameworks is a must for both foreign and domestic businesses. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is the accounting framework used by the European Union, Japan, Canada, and other world economic leaders. Companies need an accurate and reliable financial accounting systems not matter if globally or in the United

1.0 INTRODUCTION The statutory mandate in U.S. tax law that firms using the last-in first-out (LIFO) inventory costing method for tax purposes must also use LIFO for financial reporting purposes makes inventory accounting an especially interesting research and teaching topic. The constraint on managerial discretion imposed by tax--book conformity

The use of LIFO as an inventory management system is recognized as one of three management systems and has been accepted by GAAP. However, IFRS does not recognized LIFO as an acceptable management system. Many advocates of LIFO argue that it provides an accurate revenue match with expenses since sales reveal the most recent selling prices, then the cost of goods sold should also reflect the most recent inventory purchasing costs. However, the ending inventory balances shown on the

There are vast and numerous differences between US GAAP and IFRS. The biggest conceptual difference between US GAAP and IFRS is that US GAAP is rule based while IFRS is principle based. Because of this, there are numerous accounting topics that are handled differently between US GAAP and IFRS. It is argued that IFRS fits the actual economics of business transactions more than US GAAP, as IFRS looks more at the substance of transactions. US GAAP, on the other hand, is more concerned with having exact rules to deal with accounting situations. Both the United States and the over 110 countries that use IFRS are working towards a global accounting standard; however, due to the cost and complexity of this process, convergence of US GAAP and IFRS may take years or even decades longer than expected, if indeed they are ever fully converged. Some key areas in which the two systems differ are inventory valuation, classification of leases, revenue recognition including the construction industry, the handling of intangibles including research and development, depreciation methods, and business combinations. While there are many other differences in US GAAP and IFRS, this paper is limited in scope to those listed above.

Inventory often is one of the largest amounts listed under assets on the balance sheet which means that it represents a significant amount of the resources available to the business. The inventory may be excessive in amount, which is a needless waste of resources; alternatively it may be too low, which may result in lost sales. Therefore, for internal users inventory control is very important. On the income statement, inventory exerts a direct impact on the amount of income. Therefore, statement users are interested particularly in the amount of this effect and the way in which inventory is measured. Because of its impact on both

Inventory is typically recorded using the cost basis, however, in certain circumstances when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as their cost a departure from the cost basis is required. When a loss of utility occurs, it is charged against the revenues for the period it occurred. Losses are measured by

To provide investors and creditors with more timely information than is provided by an annual report, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires publicly traded companies to provide financial statements on an interim (quarterly) basis.

It’s important to call that under US GAAP, estimates of useful and residual value, and the method of depreciation, are reviewed only when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the current estimates or depreciation method are no longer appropriate. Unlike IFRS, the revaluation of property, plant and equipment is not permitted.

The two most common methods of inventory costing are Last-in-first-out (LIFO), and first-in-first-out (FIFO), choosing the correct method of inventory accounting could be detrimental to the income statement and the statement of cash flow, and also it would affect the balance sheet of the company. For Johnson & Johnson, it is

* Management -cash flow reporting provides the type of information which decision should be taken re: relevant costs ( decision based on future cash flow)

Furthermore, even if management lacks the intention to sell, there remain events and circumstances beyond the control of management that can force the need to sell. By measuring the changes in fair value in net income, it allows the investors to know the potential effects of these events and circumstances. Critics of the fair value measurement cite the increase in volatility that it causes in net income. A distinct disadvantage to reporting the gains and losses on the income statement is that these gains and losses have not actually occurred and may not ever be realized (Proposed change…, 2009).

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) oversee the standards for both the US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and the IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). With the proliferation of global business and ever growing markets, an attempt has been made within the last ten years to align both standards the two standards. The US GAAP has always given the guidelines and steps for American companies to follow when preparing their financial statements. Whereas the IFRS has always been more of standardized language to use in accounting practices internationally. The following is a brief analysis of changes, differences and outcomes from this transition.

Consistency of presentation- IFRS needs that the presentation and classification of things in the financial statements is engaged from one period to the next except-

Recently, on July of year 2009, the International Accounting Standards’ Board (IASB) released the International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-Sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) .