Norms For Politeness

The theory of politeness is based on the notion of face. From the perspective of politeness, face is categorized into two types in opinion of Goffman (1967); positive face, which expresses a desire by an individual to be amenable, liked and appreciated, and negative face, which expresses a desire to remain autonomous, not to be imposed upon and not to disobey upon others. Certain conventions, practices and rules in a language guide individuals in order to achieve a positive or negative face. Both

1.3 Politeness Politeness is a commonsense term which refers to as showing good manners or having respect for the feelings of others (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2015). The ‘social norm’ view of politeness believes that a society has its own set of arbitrary rules which determine what constitutes as good manners in any given situation. According to this view “a positive evaluation (politeness) arises when an action is in congruence with the norm, a negative evaluation (impoliteness, rudeness)

Redressive Language Politeness Strategy At our Group meeting in March, XYZ’s leadership team outlined our strategy to become the world’s leading international air cargo company. (line 2-3) Positive, Intensify interest to hearer This means we have to become a company that is easier for our customers to do business with and where it is easier for you to work. (line 4-5) Positive, Give reason We, our (line 4) Positive, Use in-group identity markers For all of XYZ’s many strengths as an organization

and a Look into Russian Politeness in Comparison with English. Despite the fact that the phenomenon of politeness is widespread in the entire world, after looking into different cultures it is possible to notice that in each one it reveals itself in various ways; it can have a small number of differences or it may differ starting from the basics. This is determined by a range of cultural specifications, customs, and way of life (Wierzbicka 2003). The essence of politeness is usually lies much deeper

2.1 Politeness Theory The term politeness is defined as a verbal approach to maintain harmony between a speaker and a hearer by reducing the risk of damaged face (Brown and Levinson, 1987; Clark and Schunk, 1980; Lakoff, 1973, 1977). Therefore, politeness has been considered as one of the conflict-avoidance strategies since it builds collaborative social interaction (Eelen, 2001; Watts, 2003). For instance, when a speaker makes request to the listener, the speaker will use politeness as a strategy

the first time, while expecting the offer to be made at least two or three times more. This resembles a kind of phatic language communication; saying no, but not really meaning no. In this sort of situation, if someone doesn't adhere to the cultural norm – choosing to follow Grice’s maxims instead, then they would sound odd and out of place. The above example demonstrates that Grice’s maxims aren’t relevant in all contexts as they clash with certain cultural values systems. Many linguists (Clyne

Cultural Influence: Arab vs. English Communication Styles According to Joanna Jaworowska a speech act is simply " a minimal functional unit in human communication." Fundamentally, a speech act is the smallest form of communication. According to Austin's theory (1962), any given speech act has three possible meanings: the propositional meaning, the illocutionary meaning, and the perlocutionary meaning (Jaworowska). For instance, the literal meaning might be: it's cold in here. The illocutionary meaning

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This chapter entails the background of study, problem statement, the research objectives and questions. The scope of the study, justification and limitations are also covered in chapter one. 1.1 Background of the study. Life as a human being is inseparable from communication. One of the most effective ways to communicate is certainly through language and of course in order to ensure the effectiveness of the communication, both speakers and hearers are expected to be

procedural and behavioral norms that influence individuals with held

Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Politeness – a theoretical approach 3 3. the concept of limao 4 4. Request strategies 4 4.1. Request strategies in Chinese 4 4.2. Request strategies in English 5 5. Forms of address 6 5.1. Forms of address in Chinese 6 5.2. Forms of address in English 7 6. Chinese: Politeness across social groups 8 7. Conclusion 9 References 11 1. Introduction In many parts of this world, former existing borders are removed and people