Othmar Ammann Research Paper

He was also a designer of iron-clad gunships, a riverboat captain, and a salvage operator. “The design of the bridge did not use the popular form of construction, the truss, or even the newer suspension system. Instead used the ancient Roman arch for support” (Museum Gazette 1). Eads constructed the ironclad steamboat, the shallow-draft boats, and the first sand pump of its time. It removed the sand and silt from the bottom more effectively and easier. The original sand pump was a rope and bucket. Eads salvage company was the most successful company on the river. He also designed a surface boat, the submarine to go to the bottom of the river and retrieve sunken cargo from barges. Eads used a cofferdam to build the Western abutment and had to dig through 6o years of metal scraps. Spring floods and tornadoes affected the work on the bridge for moment at a time. The best way to build the bridge was to use a caisson to make the foundation at the bottom of the river in 80 feet of mud and 12 feet of bedrock. “The caisson was a huge rectangular box made of wood and sheeted in iron panels and stiffened with girder plates” (Bennett 111). The only way to keep water from coming into the caisson was to pump in air to equalize the pressure. The caisson had a stone foundation built around it, and then it was slowly start to sink to the bottom of the river. It had seven airlocks, where the

I enjoyed this project because it let us build, design, and test a bridge. It was a very hands-on project that required an excessive amount of thinking. There was a lot of measuring, cutting, designing, rethinking, testing, retesting, gluing, and re-gluing. There was a lot of thought behind building a strong and sturdy bridge. If I learned anything from this project it’s that architects and construction workers have a really complex job.

The report debates the Tacoma narrows bridge failure and the different theories of how it came about, using information about what type of bridge it is and the forces acting on it before and during the collapse. It also discusses ways in which the failure could have been avoided, from changes in the design to modifications to the bridge after its construction.

Initially, suspension bridges before 1940 were made of piers, towers, wires, anchorages, and roadways. Piers were the main foundation for the suspension bridges. There usually were two of them, which were made out of cement and were entrenched in ground underneath the body of water that the bridge was spanned across. Towers were built on top of the piers to provide a means of connection for the roadways and wires. Wires were connected to the towers, roadways, and anchorages to provide tension support for the weight of the bridge. The anchorages were large cement platforms that were planted into the ground on either side of the land so that the wires could be connected to it. Lastly, the roadways were the main point of the suspension bridge. They usually were wide enough to provide four lanes of traffic and stretched from one side of the bridge to the other. This was the basic design of the suspension bridges

Yarden: While creating our bridge our initial plans were much different than what our final product was. The more we worried about the strength of the bridge, the less time we had. We started off with the idea to have a truss bridge made of wood and cardboard. As shown here, (show picture from journal entry), but as the project progressed our ideas continued to change.

Kolbert provides compelling evidence of Global Warming in the Arctic from her hands-on experience accompanying scientists in the field. From the storm surges that threaten the Alaskan village of Sarichef to the warming (and even melting!) permafrost, the evidence all point to the irrefutable fact that the planet is warming up extraordinarily fast. In fact, the Keeling Curve gives us a rather explicit visualization of how greenhouse gases levels (CO2, in particular) are rising at unprecedented rates.

Pittsburgh is called the City of Bridges because it has 446 of them. The Smithfield Street Bridge is the oldest extant bridges. It was built from 1881 to 1883. It was not the first bridge to built in that spot. The first bridge to built there was Pittsburgh first bridge, a wooden bridge designed by Lewis Wernwag. That bridge was destroyed in the Great Fire. John Roebling’s suspension bridge was built next. The bridge was destroyed a year later due to stability. Then there are the “Three Sisters” bridges. Vernon Covell and his group of engineers plus an architect by the name Stanley Roush designed and built the

This means that it excessively designed, and can create excessive burdens on the cost, size and complexity (Sade, 2014). When designing large bridges, these three factors (excessive cost, size and complexity) regulate if a bridge is built, or if a different design is chosen. The Waddell A-truss bridge (Appendix C) is a truss bridge designed by engineer John Alexander Low Waddell. It was built in 1898, as a short span railway bridge, and is one of only two bridges remaining which had the A-truss design. Due to its high trusses, it is quite rigid in all directions, and it is easily erected as it has a simple design (Syazwi, 2013). These are some of the reasons why the Waddell a-truss design was chosen. It is simple to create out of the materials which can be used (Manila folders) as it consists of beams and bars, as well as some gusset plates (Appendix C). Not only this, but the design allows it to hold quite a large amount of weight, in spite of the fact that a folder is not necessarily strong. However when folded, it may be surprising how much a small piece of card can actually hold. Manila folders were used to create this bridge because they are inexpensive, easy to cut bend and glue, have surprisingly predictable structural behaviour and can be used to build tubes, bars and strong

The Brooklyn Bridge, designed by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling. The bridge is known as the first hybrid steel- wire suspension bridge. It is one of the superb, oldest and longest bridges ever built in the world at the time it opened, spanning 1825m across east river connecting the Boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn in NY City. The most noticeable feature of the bridge is the two excessive towers, the 99-meter limestone granite towers overlook everything in view. The Brooklyn bridge was named “The eight wonders of the world” because of its iconic towers and length which have never seen before.

The basic design of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge itself was a suspension bridge with a center span of 2800 feet and two side spans of one 1100 feet (Farquharson, 1950, p. 17). Its two lane, reinforced concrete roadway was twenty-six feet wide with two 5 foot, 9 inch sidewalks (Farquharson, 1950, p. 19). Overall the superstructure was 5939 feet, including the suspension structures, approach spans and anchorages (Farquharson, 1950, p. 19). Anchorages were made of solid concrete and were fifty feet by 170 feet and were fifty feet high (Farquharson, 1950, p. 19). The main towers which the cables saddle were 425 feet in height and with a spacing of thirty-nine feet at the top and fifty feet at the bottom (Farquharson, 1950, p. 19). Each cable consisted of nineteen strands of galvanized wire and totaled a diameter of seventeen inches. The design of the bridge may sound rather large and structurally stable but as mentioned before the bridge was designed to be very sleek looking. By

The Golden Gate Bridge is a modern marvel. It is amazing that Joseph B. Strauss was even able to create such a long bridge. There is no doubt that there were hardships along the way, but in the end, something great was

No design is perfect. The Oakland Bay Bridge consisted of two eight-mile long, suspension bridges. C. H. Purcell first built it in the 1930’s. According to Britannica Online, he originally had structural issues with the sinking to bedrock in the central anchorage. When repairing the bridge after Loma Prieta, the challenge was making it more seismically sound. The West Span of the bridge held up due to its suspension design. This led to the West Span being more flexible than the East. Bridges must have a certain level of flexibility, but not so flexible that extreme conditions would create another disaster such as the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse of 1940. The West side of the bridge was mostly in tension when the earthquake hit. Allowing the bridge to absorb forces and create equal and opposite forces of its own kept the West side of the bridge intact. However, the stiffness of the East Span of the bridge was too stiff to handle the brute force of the Loma Prieta earthquake. Having flexibility in a design allows for the bridge to react to outside forces. Being too rigid would give necessary allowance for certain

iii. The designing engineers should take all kinds of mistreat which can be collapsed the bridge. Therefore, they should imagine all those kinds of mistreat in the design processes.

If there is going to be accommodations at work to establish a workplace lactation program it needs to convenient for the women. It also needs to be private, have an electrical outlet and a chair. In addition, you might want to provide: magazines, paper towels, mirrors and a clock. I think it’s important to establish a workplace lactation program because according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, employed women are less likely to breastfeed for a shorter length of time than women who aren’t employed. There are numerous studies showing how children who

In 1919, a study was begun to see if it would be possible to build a bridge across the Golden Gate. Michael O’Shaughnessy was the San Francisco city engineer. He was in charge of the rebuilding of the city after the devastating 1906 earthquake that destroyed much of the city. O’Shaughnessy knew the need for the city to have bridges. Most said it could not be done and others said it could be done but “it would cost about $100 million to build it” (Barter 23). O’Shaughnessy and Strauss, both wanting the same thing, got together. After the two consulted, they figured the only way to bridge the channel was to use a suspension bridge.