8. Great American Dream- American’s idea of freedom, equality, and personal happiness.
Role of business and sales -
9. Occupational guilds formed in the Middle Ages and the practice of money lending:
Influence on deportation –
Influence on Shakespeare –
10. Why the Irish Catholics and Protestants fought in Northern Ireland for centuries – the conflict started when Ireland was split into two parts, Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom) and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country). In the 16th century, Henry VII turned England in a protestant country, but most of the Irish remained Roman Catholic. James I sent thousands of protestant colonists to take over the Catholic people’s land. The Catholics rebelled but they were defeated by the middle of the 17th century. They were left without land nor power. The conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics have been going on for over 400 years. 50% of Northern Ireland consisted of Protestants, while 40% consisted of Catholics and both groups lived separately.
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Effect of it – this famine not only caused a great number of deaths, around 1 million, but it also caused emigration. Many people left Ireland and migrated to the U.S., some went to Canada, and some to Australia.
11. French Revolution:
What? – The lower classes, which was the Third Estate, revolted against the king and queen, which were an absolute monarchy.
When? – 1789-1799
Why? - because the three estates were being treated unfairly when it came to treatment and taxes, especially since the country was in while the king and queen was using the for luxurious items.
How did it end? – Louis XIV was executed and France adopted a new constitution.
12. Martin Luther:
What? –
When? –
Why?
The old Regime in France has three estates. The first estate consists of the clergy, the second is the nobility and the third is the middle class to peasantry. After all that happened during the Regime such as the French economic crisis, Storming the Bastille, The Political Crisis that revolted in Paris, The Great Fear, The National Assembly, Declaration off the Rights of men, and the Reforms of the National Assembly, the French Revolution entered a radical phase. France experienced one of the bloodiest regimes as leaders sought to extend and preserve the Revolution. In 1792, disastrous battles overseas quickly inflamed revolutionaries in Paris. Parisians stormed the royal palace and slaughtered the king’s guards. In reaction, the royal family fled to the Legislative Assembly. Radicals then elected a new legislative body called the National Convention. This convention extended suffrage to be to all male citizens, not just property owners. It also abolished the monarchy and established a republic. King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a single vote. The Queen, Marie Antoinette was also executed. By 1799 the French Revolution dramatically changed France. It removed the
Many poor Protestant and Catholic farmers and citizens were swayed towards nationalism between 1845 and 1851 when Ireland suffered from a tragic famine in which many people died. Both the English and Catholic churches and many local charities rushed in to help, yet English aid was not very helpful and inadequate to the large Irish population. Many of the Irish emigrated and England's rule over Ireland was questioned. With religious and historical conflicts the two communities found it very difficult to reach an understanding and an agreement as to what they both wanted.
The American Dream is the chance for a person of any gender, race, sexual orientation, or or anyone of diversity to have an equal opportunity to change their and become happy and successful in their own eyes. Three books that explain the American Dream are The Bean Trees, by Barbara Kingsolver, Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer, and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou. Each book includes the main character trying to change his or her life by finding what makes them happy. They all leave their hometowns and have a chance to start over.
First of all, the vulgus of France were not habituated with their basic human rights. Cahiers, a list of grievances about the king, taxing and voting involving the estates explains how the third estate was not provided with equal rights. The third estate owned most of the land and made up a large percent of the population, yet were not accustomed with the rights they deserved. They paid for the wealthy to live an excessive life and didn't get anything in return. This was unjust and unfair.
The Third Estate was made p of the "common" population. They included lawyers, merchants, and peasants. They were made up of the Bourgeoisie which is the middle class which is the highest portion of the third estate.
This lead to kings being unfair or making poor decisions that negatively influence everyone. Examples of this include king starting wars or people being killed or imprisoned without committing crimes. The Estates-General was also unfair because the groups were not representative of the populations each group represented. Also, when they said "In order to assure the third estate the influence it deserves because of its numbers…its votes in the assembly should be taken by head… (Document 8)," the king rejected it. This and other similar things the king said caused social issues between the three estates in the
The Reign of Terror seemed to be the only thing that could help achieve some sort of equality between the Three Estates. Before the Reign of Terror, the Third Estate was the most financially unstable out of all three estates. Despite this, they were the only one burdened with the mandatory payment of taxes. Due to Louis XVI’s constant spending and a horrible drought, food prices rose and the entire country was deep in debt, with the Third Estate struggling more and more at every occasion he carelessly gave out currency. With no other options, people decided to take up arms against the Revolution. Every riot or problem that revolutionaries caused was most likely justified in some way because their needs were never accounted for. The Reign of Terror was justified.
The American Dream, an idea of what it truly means to be an American in some respects. For many, it is the idea of starting from nothing and making something to look back on in your later years and be proud of what you’ve done. For many in the generations before the millennial generation, the ideal was to graduate college, get married, get a house, and raise a family. For many millennials, this has changed with one key difference. That difference is the importance of having their own house. This was brought about by many factors including the economy, political ideology, and sustainability.
The Third Estate, treated unfairly in society, became angered and wanted simple equalities that the other Estates had. In
The other causes were social and political. The social cause was wealth. The third estate didn’t have as much money as the nobles and clergy so they couldn't afford as much food, and on top of that, they had to pay the chief tax (taille) while the other estates did not. The political factor was the fact
The first and second estate were rich and did not pay taxes whereas the 3rd estate, which consisted of the bourgeoisie and peasants , had to pay taxes. At the Estates General, the voting was very unfair because the 1st and 2nd estate always agreed on the same ideas, leaving the ratio of the votes always in a 2:1 ratio since each estate got one vote. This created no change in the government since the disadvantaged group (3rd estate) never got any improvements in their lives. The lives of the 1st and 2nd estate remained the same. Taken together, there are no political changes in Antigone as well as in France during the 1800’s.
While learning about world history, one can see the constant power struggle between the different classes of people all throughout the world. Karl Marx agrees with this idea that “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” Throughout history, different social classes have used terror to gain power and achieve their goals for the country. The use of terror to gain power is shown through Louis XIV in the French Revolution, Robespierre in the French revolution, and Europe colonizing Africa. Louis XIV was the king during the French Revolution in the 1790s.
The Third Estate wanted to ensure that their government was fair and they had equal taxation, voting rights, land for harvest, and food. The support of the National Assembly and their will to create a new government was indeed revolutionary because they were resisting a powerful governmental figure. In order to get what the Third Estate wanted, they needed to find a way around King Louis XVI’s
Under the absolute monarchy during the eighteenth century, there was a divide between the three estates with the Third Estate, which encompassed subjects with no formal title, being the outcast. The nobility and the clergy formed a cohesive unit that agreed on each other’s needs, leaving the working men and women of the Third Estate to fend for themselves, which was a leading factor to the split between the Estates. Despite the famine and hunger that had affected some of the Third Estate, the aristocracy was still hosting lavish dinners. Even though this method was beneficial for the First and Second Estates, the substantial population that identified as the Third Estate, left in a formidable position, struggled to correct this situation.
The first of many issues to discuss about this monarchy is the class system. The first estate, the highest living rich people, were the church officials. The second estate was made up of the nobility, which ran the country under the pope's rule, generally speaking. In the third estate we see the middle class to peasants, these people could be very poor and have terrible conditions to live in. This third estate also hed no power because they were always overruled by the first and second in any vote. Another issue revolving this, leading to the revolution changes into democracy, is the rights. The third estate was majorly looked down upon, so they wanted those ideals we hold today. These ideals consist of every man is free and equal, everyone