2.1. Ecosystem Services in the Peruvian Andes
Nowadays, worldwide economy has behaved in a very explosive and surprising manner. Specially in developing countries, the local economy has faced a great challenge for the people towards globalization. In South America, Peru is a traditional country trying to fit its customs and techniques in agriculture with the fixed and aggressive markets of the world. According to Javier Escobal and Denice Cavero (2014), Peruvian national statistics indicate that the country has experienced persistent economic expansion recently (annual growth averaging over 5% during the last 15 years). However, poverty has not been reduced, specially in rural areas, where it affects two of every three inhabitants. Commonly, people within this marginal regions, have practiced agriculture as a profession and as a tradition since ages.
According to Erin Lennox and John Gowdy (2014), the Peruvians have created and maintained their agricultural system in the Peruvian Andes over many generations using local and ancestral techniques. Over thousands of years, the Peruvian farmers have used these methods in their favor to domesticate a
…show more content…
The current market pressures to produce for a globalized market with fixed requirements of consistency, quantity and quality, have provoked the reduction of the diversity of crops in the Andes region (Hellin and Higman, 2005). Mainly, these forces are the result of the neoliberal movement in Peru, which has envisioned to foment large scale production for agroindustry and foreign markets (Crabtree, 2002). Also, another major threat to the Peruvian ecosystem is a number of climatic changes that are already palpable; including growing glacial melt, more intense and volatile temperatures, and fluctuating rainfall amount and seasoning (USAID,
For crops the people grow manioc (cassava), maze (corn), bananas, plantains, rice and coffee. Coffee has been introduced recently by outsiders as a cash crop. Along with trying to build communities the crop was meant to bring indigenous peoples into contact and trade with the modern parts of Peru. Coffee was seen as way to introduce money into the Matsigenka system. (Johnson) Their farming methods are sufficient to sustain them and the land they work on.
All the farms of Peru did not have any higher advancements in tools like animals and iron tools other than themselves(the people)“Incas built their empire without the wheel, powerful draft animals, iron working, currency or even what we would consider to be a writing system.”to help with the growth of corn, beans, and potatoes. Since the land of Peru consists of various land structures the Incas had to invent a new farming technique that allowed the Incas to grow plants on the side of mountains which was called terrace farming. Terrace farming contains, building farms on side of mountains called terrace farming which allowed running water off the side of cliffs to go through a passage to plants that enabled a more superior way to farm. Terrace farming let no one starve in the empire “Nobody went hungry in the Inca empire. The commoners ate little meat, but all people ate well.” many Incas were well fed and got to live a happy life. Farming lead to new things as that was only the start. Farming guided the Incas towards new ideas to make farming more effective towards their crops so they invented the calendar using the sun and moon as direction to calculate time”Incas had a calendar based on the observation of both the Sun and the Moon, and their relationship to the
Imagine, a beautiful developing country that has an immense amount to offer. A world completely different than the American lifestyle of not worrying about getting a parasite. A community-oriented country that opens its arms to visitors in need. A country that has communities, that allow complete strangers to walk into their house and use their bathroom. A country filled with natural beautiful plants and animals. A culture that is rich in traditions and a sense of community. These are some of the wonderful attributes that the beautiful country of Peru has to offer. With all these wonderful characteristics of this land comes, some unfortunate features. Peru is an impoverish land that is full of needs. Citizens struggle just to get dinner on their table each day.
This policy memo addresses the development and expansion of the cattle ranching industry in Brazil, which has contributed to the mass deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon in the last 40 years. It exposes the regional and global consequences to deforestation and provides strategies for the Brazilian government to sustainably manage cattle ranching industries while protecting the future of the Amazon. The rainforest ecosystem is an immense reserve of natural recourses that is far more valuable than the beef produced on Brazilian cattle ranches. Not only does the rainforest create habitat for up to 65% of the world’s biodiversity, but when harvested sustainably, it provides humans with an abundance of spices, foods, oils, medicines
Food is very important in Peru, many of their foods are a mix of different cultures, as their culture at large also is. Many of the food differs from region to region. According to Peru travel, Mistura is the main food festival that takes place in Lima every year, which is also said to be the “gastronomic capital of America” (cite).
Peru is a magnificent place to go visit or even live. Peru is located in between Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. Peru’s coast borders the South Coast. “Going to Peru is, well, if you have an opportunity in your life to go there, you should do it because is is absolutely mind boggling.” (Stockwell) It would be fun to go to Peru because of their geography, climate, culture, and enlightening people.
Peru is often portrayed as a mestizo nation, inheritor of the ancestral Inca past and full of traditions and cultural expressions that makes it exotic and unique. The narratives that built this national discourse were focused on the merge of different ethnic traditions and the portrayal of Peruvians as people culturally hybrid and homogeneous.
At the time of their demise, the Incan Empire had nearly as many domesticated plant species as all of Eurasia. There was no sign of the wheel or work animals that could be yoked to a plow, and the Incans had limited use of metallurgy. Yet the mighty South American empire terraced, irrigated, and produced enough food for millions of people. The Incans were able to sustain agricultural surpluses by intensive exploitation of the land and sophisticated methods of storage and dispersal of grains and tubers. Through a culture based on agriculture the Incans were able to expand their empire into one of the largest in the New World. Until their demise, the Incans used agriculture as a unifying force in several different ways.
When thinking of quality of life, certain countries definitely come to mind more than others. People living in Peru, in western South America, definitely experience quite a different life than we do here in America. In some ways good, and some ways bad, if one moved to Peru from America, there would definitely have to be some getting used to. Comparing Peru’s economy to other South American countries, it pretty much outperforms everyone on the list. Of course, Peru’s economy is definitely different and not as stable as the one that we know here in the USA. Peru’s government is nowhere near as secure as the United States’ and is known for an institutional weakness. Based out of 100 points, and giving America a 100 out of 100, I would give Peru a 70
Bolivia is an amazing country, rich in culture, tourism, and history. Located in western-central South America, Bolivia is bordered by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile. Bolivia is divided into 3 very diverse regions, the Andean region, that’s surrounded by mountain ranges and has the highest altitude in Bolivia, the sub Andean region, that’s distinguished by its farming activities, and the llanos region, that’s surrounded by rainforest and is very bio diverse. Although Bolivia has seen many great advances over the last few years, poverty, political instability, and drug trafficking continue to be issues that the country faces. In the next couple of paragraphs I’m going to talk about poverty in Bolivia, and how it has caused an epidemic of malnutrition children, I’m then going to narrow the topic down by talking about Bolivia’s child mortality rates and healthcare system, and the problems with healthcare access, I’m going to talk about Bolivia’s lack of access to food security and sanitation, and lastly I’m going to talk about the benefits that the popularity of the Bolivian crop quinoa has had on Bolivian nutrition.
Peru is located in south america by the bottom right of south america.It is also located by the pacific ocean.It is also located by the amazon rain forest.the states around it is colombia.the other one is brazil on the other side.
This landscape was generally limited by the capabilities of the domesticated plants and animals that were available. For this reason, archaeological studies have discovered that “generalized foraging adaptation that incorporated natural plant products as the basis of the calories and supplemented this vegetative base with animal protein obtained by hunting wild game” (Storey 2011, p. 5). This demonstrates the importance of combining traditional foraging and hunting with the domestication of plants and animals in order to maintain the necessary supply of produce for the societies of the time. Because of this, the plants were considered important due to specific purposes that they had in mind. In the tropical regions of Panama, this was the most efficient means of
According to Lopez (2000), the poverty level in Latin America is far worse in rural areas like Mexico and the Andean countries. Government agencies, organizations and intellectuals across the world have expressed unease about the extreme amounts of poverty in Latin America (Mamalakis, 1996). The exact level of poverty in Latin America can only be projected because of the high number of people living in rural areas. This problem is only exacerbated by the number of countries in the Latin America region. Lopez (2000) projects that over sixty percent of citizens beneath the poverty level live in rural areas across Latin America. Those rural areas are more susceptible to poverty because there is less access to jobs and resources. Whole families, including children, are impoverished because they are forced to live off of the
The Government of Peru is unitary, representative, and organized according to the principle of the separation of powers. There are three branches of government, namely the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judiciary, and each of these branches is autonomous and independent. The Executive Branch consists of the President and two Vice Presidents. President Ollanta Humala Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol Espinoza Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President is currently vacant; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government. The President carries out the functions of Head of State. He symbolizes and represents the country’s ongoing interests. In turn, as Head of Government, he directs governmental
I have recently been hired and sent to Peru to become an expert on their country and determine if whether or not to build our factory in Peru. To do this I focused my research on the social, economic, and political factors of Peru. After gathering research I have decided that we should build our factory in Peru.