Background Since the fall of the authoritarian New Order regime and the reform of 1998, Indonesia experienced political changes and are in the process of transitioninginto a more democratic country. These changes characterized by the rise of large scale communal conflicts either between ethnic or religious. Conflict violence based on ethnic takes place in Sambas, West Kalimantan (Klinken, 2007, Tanasaldy, 2012) and Sampit, Central Kalimantan (Klinken, 2007). While large scale interreligious communal violence occurred in Ambon, Maluku (Bertrand, 2002); North Halmahera, North Maluku (Wilson, 2005, Duncan, 2013) and Poso, Central Sulawesi (Arragon, 200, McRae, 2013). Despite the efforts of the peace agreement has been made in some areas of conflict, but sporadic and small-scale conflict still occur. Malino Declaration 1 in 2001, which is mediated by JusufKalla, Minister of people’s welfare coordinator at that time intended to stop all conflicts and strife in Poso (Tempo, 2001).However, not long after the peace treaty, the violence began to happen again with the aim of committing terror to the community in which the combatant started doing assaults, bombings, and shootings mysteriously. Similarly,the Malino 2 Peace Agreement in 2002 which became a milestone in the cessation of a conflict in Ambon, Maluku that has lasted for 36 months (Siwalimanews, 2012), butthe uncertainty violence incidents still continue. Even riot occurred in 2004 that led to 40 killed (Brown et al,
In A Separate Peace, the author chooses to use conflicts to show the growth of a character. As a conflict happens there is some sort of growth which the character gains as a result. In fact, there are many conflicts throughout the story that shape the characters in unique ways including Genes jealousy of his best friend, Finny doing dangerous things, and Gene trying to live through Finny. Some conflicts result in good ways some result in bad and it changes the way the character is. The book is a good example of what it is like when a conflict happens in real life, by showing growth of a character after a conflict. The decisions made by the characters will either change them in positive or negative ways; that is an important message that the book tells quite well.
A Separate Peace, a coming-of-age novel by John Knowles, demonstrates the consequences of conflict in personal relationships, as well as within oneself. In the novel, Gene Forrester, the protagonist, battles with internal conflict involving his identity and emotions towards his best friend, Phineas, also known as Finny. Gene develops envy towards his best friend and believes in an enmity between them that does not exist, which leads to external conflict between Gene and Finny. Gene, throughout the novel, creates the most conflict that separates him from Finny, ultimately leading to Finny’s demise. Examples of these conflicts, both real and imaginary, have been provided by Gene’s thoughts as the narrator. One of the first signs of internal conflict involving Finny can be recognized when Finny calls Gene his best friend, to which Gene does not respond. As Gene states, “Perhaps I was stopped by that level of feeling deeper than thought, which contains the truth”(Knowles 48). The internal conflict has already begun, onsetting many more conflicts to come. This quote means that Gene does not consider Finny his best friend due to Gene’s latent jealousy towards Finny’s charm and wit. An example of external conflict as a result of Gene’s internal conflict can be derived from the scene where Gene realizes that Finny had no ill will towards him and that all enmity between them had been a figure of Gene’s imagination. Gene had thought Finny was making an effort to distract him from his
The civil war ended and it was soon the beginning of many hardships. “The Problems of Peacemaking” discusses all of the problems with the Northerners and Southerners becoming peaceful after the war. President Abraham Lincoln did many things to try to get peace after the war. When he realized it wasn’t going to be easy, he decided that a “Reconstruction Plan” could maybe help them get peace. After the civil war the South didn’t have many things left because everything they had was destroyed almost completely. People living in the south wanted to regain it back but they soon realized it wasn’t that easy to do. The white southerners lost some land and their slaves but that was nothing compared to the black southerners. Black southerners lost everything when they left to get freedom, besides a little bit of clothing and a few possessions they took with them. Blacks and whites had completely different meanings of freedom. The whites wanted to control what they did without the government’s input, and the blacks wanted to get freedom from the whites. The whites wanted white supremacy which is, they wanted to be more superior. The blacks just wanted to be control and own things such as land. General William Sherman’s “Special Field Order No. 15” helped give 400,000 acres of land to 40,000 freed slaves. Other methods were produced to help slaves get land, one of the most famous was the Freedmen’s Bureau. The Freedmen’s Bureau gave slaves food, health care, clothing, and education. The whites of course, disagreed with the Bureau and would have disputes about it. The disputes were all settled by the Freedmen’s Bureau. General Howard created the “Circular 13” which helped lease 40 acre plots to slaves and hoped to later sell it to them. He also made the Southern Homestead Act that made 46 million acres for sell to slaves in many states. It was later repealed because people thought slaves were taking advantage of it. Republicans had say in what happened during the reconstruction. The conservatives and radicals disagreed on their views. The radicals were more harsh. All the conservatives said was that the south should just take what was happening and do nothing about it. The radicals wanted to take away some rights from a
Humanitarian crises and international politics goes hand in hand. One can cause the other, while the only way to fix the other is to rely on politics. This paper will highlight the cause of genocide, violent massacres and crisis, how to solve them, and key roles politicians and nations must take up wholeheartedly in order to make a difference. Personal and political reconciliation must occur in the parties involved ever want to have a mutual co existence.
In a Western perspective, Africa is perceived as a poor, insecure, and violent continent. Although this statement is ignorant and disregards the multidimensional issues that are in each of the 54 countries, security and violence is a general issue in most African countries. African countries have not endured an easy history, and their history continues to create present conflicts. Their violent colonial past has left certain countries with ethnic rivalries and left their legacies with agents of security. Although the colonial past of African countries have been the leading cause of many of their current problems, they cannot be blamed for everything. Additionally, there is a positive correlated relationship between the state and the violence
Conflict perspectives are often viewed as the opposite of the structure-functional viewpoint; meaning, not all family practices are good or beneficial for each family member. Conflict is often viewed in a negative manner, but there are many benefits of having healthy conflict in the home. In my family experience, conflict has brought compromise, solutions, and opportunities to learn other's perspectives. Conflict has also brought a better understanding of how to improve relationships and solve disagreements.
Conflict is one of the most prominent things that has taken place since history has begun. People act differently in the face of conflict. Conflict is one of the true ways to understand and know one’s character. Conflict proves our morals and values. Conflict is the only thing that can truly get to the core of what it means to be human to each individual person.
In a world that is always evolving, there seems to be more and more violence and terror in the streets. Peace is rarely found in our world of cruelty and treacherous things. Some people are trying to bring peace into this world. and those people are peacemakers. And into a world that is ugly with hate, he sends us as peacemakers.
When the subject of the matter is internal conflicts, identifying key causes of the conflict is difficult when not knowing all the facts. For many other observers, including those from the Government of Indonesia (GOI), the conflict arises due to particular grievances in Acehnese society about economic, human rights, religious and other issues. Acehnese nationalists are apt to downplay grievances and
Political violence is the threat of violence in order to affect change in government or power. Legitimacy is the acceptance of a higher authority such as a government and the choices that authority figure makes. There are three main categories of political violence that will be discussed in this paper. The first being War, the second is Terrorism and the last is Genocide. Each three categories will be discussed in detail as well explained further through the use of examples.
Most of the studies about missing or dead soldiers are linked to domestic politics. How about their roles in international affairs? The relatively cooperative Indochina governments meant that the diplomatic battles over American servicemen’s remains were mild. Michael Allen briefly covered some U.S.-Vietnam diplomacy in his book. In recent years, a few studies began probing this issue. Jean-Marc Dreyfus showed that the French mission to find the corpses of its patriots murdered in Nazi prisons after the WWII was deemed by the French authorities as a precondition for the negotiations to normalize French-German relations. The ceaseless battles over geopolitics and ideology between the U.S. and the DPRK, according to Sarah Wager, have been reflected
The primary UN body providing early warning assessment and mediation support is the Department of Political affairs (DPA). The DPA produces analytical reports and briefing notes warning of potential crises, and its specialized mediation support unit (MSU) facilitates training of peace making mediators, supports specific mediation processes, and provides a databank of peace making experience. US can play a more proactive role in this. Mediation support unit (MSU) facilitates training of peace making mediators, supports specific mediation processes, and provides a databank of peace making experience. African Union continental early warning system (CEWS) also needs support and guidance to prevent conflicts. It is also engaged in peace keeping
Conflicts are exploding in several states of South Sudan from time to time. To this effect; women, children and elderly will continue to suffer. Thus, this study opts to answer the following questions. First, what are the root causes of the conflict which broke out in 2013? What are the impacts of 2013 South Sudan conflict? What role has IGAD played in resolving the conflict? What are the challenges that the sub-regional body IGAD faced in resolving South Sudan Conflict? How best can stability be
Ethnic violence in the late 1990s broke out due to the sudden emergence of a political space to contest this national model. Bertrand argues that complete legitimacy was not achieved because of the emergence of a narrow ethnic conception of the nation. Two factors of this were the strife in Kalimantan, and another in the role of Islam in Indonesia's political institutions. This began to threaten Christian minorities in Indonesia. These conflicts between Muslims and Christians situate the violence in Maluku in relation to the evolving role of Islam in Indonesia’s national model.
For the Indonesian government leaders, the tsunami’s high death toll and immense physical destruction, had been the pretext to return to negotiation table, as a response to humanitarian disaster rather than policy reversal (Aspinall 2005, p.21). The first peace talk was in 27 January 2005 in Helsinki with main concerns such as security and demilitarization, monitoring mission, the amnesty and economic compensation for former GAM combatants, and future political status of Aceh (Aspinall 2005, p. 22). It was followed by second (21-23 February 2005), third (12 April 2005), fourth (May 2005), and fifth (12-17 July 2005) round of negotiations.