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Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?*
Patricia Y. Warren
Florida State University
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey
University Massachusetts, Amherst
Research Summary
Scholarly research has documented repeatedly that minority citizens are disproportionately stopped, searched, and arrested relative to their baseline populations. In recent years, policymakers have brought increased attention to this issue as law-enforcement agencies across the
United States have faced allegations of racial profiling. In the 1990s, the politics generated by accounts of racially biased policing placed heightened
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Direct correspondence to Patricia Y.
Warren at 634 West Call Street, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, FL 32301 (e-mail: pwarren@fsu.edu).
CRIMINOLOGY & Public Policy
Volume 8 Issue 2 Copyright 2009 American Society of Criminology
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Warren and Tomaskovic-Devey
Policy Implications
The results of this study suggest several important policy recommendations. First, law-enforcement agencies must monitor the policing practices of their officers because such supervision can influence officer compliance with fair and unbiased policing policies. Next, supervisors need to familiarize themselves with enforcement data to identify potential problem officers and organizational practices. By doing so, police organizations will not only increase officer accountability but also will potentially improve communication with their local communities. Such communication can empower community members to file charges against officers who violate their civil rights. Next, the media and political effects documented in this study suggest that external oversight can be particularly influential on police practices. Therefore, police agencies should consider developing a citizen complaint board, which is an external oversight board that would be
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, categories all human beings as free. Article one identify all human beings as born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article two states, Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
Up to now, Americans have witnessed the abolishment of slavery, the fight against segregation, and a slew of civil rights issues that brought war to the courtrooms. Recently however, an issue has surfaced that will yet again be a definite landmark in the timeline of our nation's history. The only problem is that no one is positive that it even exists, which leaves us with one very important question: Does racial profiling exist in the politically-correct world of today? The answer to this question is of great importance to the legal well-being of minorities across the country, as the existence of a program that prejudges on basis of race and demographic is a complete abomination of the bill of rights. Wars have begun over less, and if
Over the past several years, the use of race by law enforcement agencies in their policing activities has received considerable attention across the country. The controversy regarding "racial profiling" has centered on police departments' practices related to traffic stopsexamining whether police have targeted drivers based on their race or ethnicity. Significant anecdotal evidence has suggested that some departments may be treating drivers of some races or ethnicities differently than white drivers. Parties using multiple definitions have complicated the debate over racial profiling. Variation among these definitions means that interested parties are often discussing different types of police practices, behavior,
"I don't want to talk about whether or not racial profiling is legal. Racial profiling is not an effective law enforcement tool." -- Eric Holder, 82nd Attorney General of the United States
Help shape and develop training programs to educate officers about racial profiling and interactions with the community
Hypothesis: The events of September 11th has caused racial profiling, a practice that was vilified by many just months ago, to become a common and accepted practice used by the government, airline officials, police agencies, and the American public. Profiling has also become a necessary tool used to prevent further terrorist attacks on the United States.
"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." -- Martin Luther King, Jr.
Racial profiling is a serious issue of social importance in the United States. This topic has become a significant issue due to the fact that it discriminates against one of the most basic human rights--the freedom to be whoever they want and believe in whatever they want. It also makes many people feel uncomfortable when being searched, pulled over, and looked at as if they were criminals when all they are guilty of is having a different skin color or a different religion. Even if in some cases racial profiling assists police to arrest people for committing real crimes, it makes a larger amount of innocent individuals feel as if they were criminals; therefore, I am against it. Racial profiling is any police action taken based on race rather than on behavior, evidence, or information provided about an individual and law enforcement should start taking action against it because it is not humane in any shape or form.
Racial profiling is a severe discrimination in contradiction of certain ethnic groups, that police officers tend to use on persons of their interest. Opposing to general belief, racial profiling by police officers can occur anytime and anywhere. It is important for people to recognize that racial profiling is discourteous to the individuals who are profiled and it is a crime. People should not be profiled just because of the color of their skin or race. Racial profiling by police officers has developed into one of the greatest controversial practices commonly used suspecting or unsuspectingly in police departments. Police officers are supposed to protect and serve the people, not profile the people. Racial profiling by police officers is wrong and it does exist in all states, but however others may believe racial profiling by police officers does not exist.
To determine whether racial profiling is morally wrong, it must be clear as to what it is and what it does. Racial profiling is the use of race as at least one factor in determining whether or not to investigate someone and how thoroughly to investigate them. It involves practices of unreasonable search and seizures because of a person’s race even when there is no logical reason to believe that particular person is guilty of anything. In this paper, I will consider an argument for the conclusion that racial profiling is morally wrong because it involves unreasonable search and seizures because of a person’s race and not their behavior. I will then consider the objection that racial profiling can be morally acceptable, when it is rational. I conclude that racial profiling promotes discrimination and therefore is morally wrong.
There are many people in law enforcement that do not believe that racial profiling ever
Airport racial profiling, Osama Bin Laden, Middle East Asian, Muslims, 9/11, metal detectors, racial profiling and hijacking” Do these words and phrases sound familiar? It is likely most of us have been at least tried once in our lifetime going through the security checking process at the airport. Do people find this inconvenient or it is beneficial to everyone’s safety? However, this security checking process is not too convenient for particular targeted group, which are the Muslims. In this paper, the main focus is to discuss about terrorism and the related anti-terrorism measures, such as racial profiling; and how do these policy affect the targeted group. After the terrific 9/11 attacks, every country has strengthened their own
Recent events involving police use of force in cities like Ferguson, Missouri, and New York City have drawn into sharp focus the divisive issues that reflect the climate of social discord in our nation. Latent stakeholders within communities have gained urgency and legitimacy from external stakeholders such as the media, which provides power. Issues of personal bias, racial profiling, and excessive
Everyday people are pulled over for speeding, and broken tail lights, but does it become an issue when law enforcement start pulling people over for no reason. Racial Profiling, while sometimes used inappropriately, can sometimes be a good thing because it can help cut down on illegal immigrants, drug trafficking, and help prevent terrorism. Many issues arise regarding legal immigrants and non-legal immigrants in quiet neighborhoods nationwide. Racial profiling has been increasing for many years, from the 1500’s up to present time.
This method takes more time and effort to reduce crime. Analyzing the issues surrounding crimes and effectively addressing them requires a police department to accept a different type approach. Rachael Boba and John Crank reported, “The notion that police could become more effective by focusing on problems has kindled an increasing body of applied research in police departments in the USA as well as other countries such as the UK and Australia” (Boba & Crank, 2008). Crime prevention is a key element in problem-oriented policing. Knowing how to stop the crime before it occurs.