Fish’s Reader Response Criticism is composed of two interdependent ideas: first, that the meaning of texts is shaped by the reading experience itself, and second, that these meanings cannot be judged to be correct or incorrect, but merely belonging to one “interpretive community” or another. The first idea may be identified as the executive aspect of Reader Response Criticism because it analyzes the act of reading, while the second idea is the epistemological aspect of the theory because it circumscribes the knowledge we can acquire about a text to the merely relative. Studied independently, each aspect of Reader Response Theory offers by itself strong arguments countervailing the formalist stance of the New Critics. But as we will see, …show more content…
This excerpt begins at the level of innate human concepts (flesh) and proceeds through the more concrete level of medical terminology (muscles, blood, epidermis) and onwards through an evocative metaphor (red cloud). Before the reader reaches the final clause (“whose soul is lightning”), he has built up an expectation that a culminating trope will be used to close the sentence, as is usual. Instead, the fragment ends with “whose soul is lightning” which refers not to the red cloud, but to “the flesh itself.” In other words, the red cloud is not the object of the concluding clause, but a “psychological multiplier:” the reader sees a red cloud (associated with storms) and then sees lightning exacerbated by the immediately preceding image. Now the reader possesses a clear mental picture of the passionate flesh, but the strange syntax (both in French and English) leaves him uncertain about what exactly the text has said: is lightning the soul of the flesh? Is the soul the lightning emitted by the flesh? This is an important point—is the soul passion? Or is passion simply one of several manifestations of the soul? Yourcenar has deliberately shrouded this discussion in complex syntax because the distinction itself confounds us. If you are lost as to what exactly the text says right now, Yourcenar has achieved her aim. Now take a look at Grace Frick’s artful translation of the same text:
The flesh itself, that amazing instrument of muscles, blood, and skin, that
Reed Way Dasenbrock’s Do We Write the Text We Read? focuses on how the reader’s thoughts about a novel originate with pre-existing theories and how those theories can be altered and revised as the text permits. Dasenbrock argues that through this passing theory, readers develop a sense of value for the literary work and can progress their own learning capabilities. Dasenbrock utilizes other theorists to make this point, specifically Stanley Fish who postulates that individuals read texts differently because they interpret differently. He explains that interpretations of the reader are created through their beliefs and furthermore, that because people have such different interpretations, they are able to bring many different concepts to a community of readers. That community is built by the common assumptions of the members of the community. Dasenbrock adds to this theory by mentioning the importance of the dynamic evolution of texts that happen across time. Fish, as Dasenbrock points out, states that the certain interpretations we hold are of the only truth we should accept and that all other sources, due to their difference, register as false. He disproves Fish’s argument by bringing forth the idea that to say another individual’s beliefs are different than our own is to say that we understand their beliefs completely. He suggests that, moreover, we can imply similar things by saying different words. There exists many differing ways to observe, to interpret, and to
This assignment is a reflective account on communicating with a patient who cannot communicate verbally. To remain confidential I will call the patient, Patient A. I’m going to discuss the importance of non-verbal communication within a healthcare setting. Patient A was a 63 year old lady suffering from MND which resulted in her losing her speech.
The purpose of this report is to conduct a critical appraisal of a published article.
In Christina Haas and Linda Flower’s article “Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning”, they point out, and break down, the three reading strategies that are used by students when reading a passage, or paper. An experiment was constructed to show what each of these strategies are like while being used and what the reader may ask, or get out of, a certain excerpt.
The important thing in the reader response theory is the interpretive of the readers itself, rather than the author or even the text. The theory gives the competence to the reader to critic the text, however with the condition the readers have the evidence or research from other people toward the critic. The way of their interpretation may reveal their identity, because the reader gives the critic depends on their knowledge and experience (Philip Goldstein, 2005). Everyone has their own perspective toward anything, especially for the literary works. Each of people perspective is unique. That is why reader response was created. The theory is about the transaction between the writer and the reader. The writer composed a meaningful text, whereas the reader composed an interpreted meaning of the text. Reader response is not about destroying the writer’s idea, but it is more constructing the work itself (Louise M. Rosenblatt, 1988).
In the essay “Reading and Thought”, Dwight MacDonlad talked about the kind of poor reading people are attached to in modern society. MacDonald believed reading materials such as Times and New York Times are too overwhelming for the readers. Readers tend to skim through the reading materials because most of the reading do not have any connections with their daily lives. Moreover, MacDoanld claimed that the readings people do these days are not thoughtful. The readings are rather irrelevant toward the readers. It is because the journalists to produce dull pieces of readings which are meant to be skimmed through without having too much thoughts involved. As the journalists do not have much consideration of the materials they produced. To the journalists the readings they produce are just a series of news that should be read driftly and left behind with no thoughful idea needed to be informed. These effects caused modern society to have a poor reading habits because people do not reflect and give time to think about the readings they did. Readers casually accept the readings even though they do not have provide any resourceful information for the readers.
The problem this imposed was manual recording was tedious and stressful for staff and introduced errors in the Freight Operations Systems database causing delays in tracking processes; cost also being a huge downfall.
Dr. Mark Lasser’s book “Healing the Wounds of Sexual Addiction” gives insight to those who suffer from sexual addiction and to the families, friends and other people in their lives. Dr. Mark Lasser has chosen to write this book, to share with others his personal struggle and victory with sexual addiction. Dr. Lasser has written this book from a Christian view, to give other individuals hope in a difficult and growing disease, which is taking control and destroying our families. Lasser defines sexual addiction as “a sickness involving any type of uncontrollable sexual activity, and because the addict cannot control his
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a fairly common complication in hospitalized patients. Nosocomial infection prevention and patient safety promotion has been issued and many researches have been conducted to improve patient’s quality of life. In this article, Saint et al. (2005) hypothesize that using a paper-based urinary catheter reminder can reduce the incidence of urinary catheterization, and consequently this will enhance the patients’ safety.
Great post! I think you made some valid points, “Certainly the reader has the freedom to interpret a text any way he or she chooses.”(Duvall & Hays, 2012, p. 193) With that being stated by Duvall and Hays it presents a vivid picture of how chaotic the concept of interpretation can get. With everyone being able to place what ever views they have of a subject, ultimately opens the Pandora box to opinions. As you stated, “The issue of communication is important that we search for the author's meaning because of serious negative consequences that will come if we misunderstand or intentionally ignore the meaning the author intended.” The chapters this week showed me the essential factors of why we should not attempt to interpret things within the
Dr. Mark Lasser’s book “Healing the Wounds of Sexual Addiction” gives insight to those who suffer from sexual addiction and to the families, friends and other people in their lives. Dr. Mark Lasser has chosen to write this book, to share with others his personal struggle and victory with sexual addiction. Dr. Lasser has written this book from a Christian view, to give other individuals hope in a difficult and growing disease, which is taking control and destroying our families. Lasser defines sexual addiction as “a sickness involving any type of uncontrollable sexual activity, and because the addict cannot
“Now We Can Begin” an essay by Crystal Eastman is a very powerful essay. Eastman makes the point know in her essay that an honest and true feminist no matter where she stands in the movement she will see to the woman’s fight with strength and courage and how it matters in the future and as well as its difference in its approach for the workers fight for industrial freedom. Eastman state “In fighting for the right to vote most women have tried to be either non-committal or thoroughly respectable on every other subject. Now they can say what they are really after; and what they are after, in common with all the rest of the struggling world, is freedom”
Americans have embraced debate since before we were a country. The idea that we would provide reasoned support for any position that we took is what made us different from the English king. Our love of debate came from the old country, and embedded itself in our culture as a defining value. Thus, it should not come as a surprise that the affinity for debate is still strong, and finds itself as a regular feature of the mainstream media. However, if Deborah Tannen of the New York Times is correct, our understanding of what it means to argue may be very different from what it once was; a “culture of critique” has developed within our media, and it relies on the exclusive opposition of two conflicting positions (Tannen). In her 1994 editorial,
Jailbreaking a iphone can be a relatively simple task to do. There are two types of jailbreak you can perform on your iPhone, and they are a tethered jailbreak and an untethered jailbreak.
The New Critics, such as Culler (1997, p. 122), discussed that poems are not historical works, and there should not be any room for intentions of the writers in interpreting them. Moreover, Reader-Response theory explains that the work is not an objective thing but the reader's experience (Culler, 1997, p. 123). Reader-Response theorists expect the reader to sense the text in a way that is relevant to his experiences. The researcher believes that such kind of sources of information clarifies the vision as the poem interpreter.