Scent Security Research Papers

“The United States Police Canine Association became the largest and oldest active organization of its kind- “Ever striving for the betterment of all police K-9” – in August, 1971 when two existing associations, the Police K-9 Association and the United States K-9 Association, merged” (O’Heare). These two organizations now know that strength is in unity. From these groups merged different types of canine from basic patrol dog to the scent specialty dog and final to the great detector dog. Law Enforcement requires canines that have outstanding performance and physical/psychological health. Also, canines should be balanced in aggression behavior and social play. There is an abundance of good and bad to learn about

National security, in the 21st century, has shifted from the focus on traditional threats (armed forces) (Siddiqi, 2013) to the integration of new threats and challenges, which have global consequences as the world evolves. Climate change has been increasingly identified as a serious contemporary security threat (McDonald, 2013), nationally and globally, instead of an environmental concern (Dupont & Pearman, 2008). This challenge presents a long-term global threat, with substantial human, national and transnational security repercussions (Wuebbles, Chitkara & Matheny, 2014). Furthermore, Wuebbles et al. (2014) acknowledge climate change as a threat multiplier, seen to exacerbate stresses (i.e. conflict, instability and poverty), enhancing the global importance of the issue as recognised as a critical national security risk. In perceiving climate change as a threat multiplier, this essay will recognise how the issues cumulative progression and consequences interacts with existing security issues, directly and indirectly challenging national security (Brown, Hammill & McLeman, 2007). Secondly, the long-term risk of climate change will be discussed, analysing the importance of implementing adaptation strategies for risk protection and vulnerability reduction. Finally, being a transnational security threat, global cooperation will be addressed, stressing the importance of internationalism and collaboration to protect against this evolving threat to national and

There are between 45 to 55 million dogs per household in America (American Humane Association 2012). Furthermore, according to a national survey, the majority of dog owners chose to get a dog for the companionship as the major reason for having a dog (American Animal Hospital Association, 2004). After all, dogs are nonjudgmental, give unconditional love, can be trusted with our most intimate feelings and emotions, and are highly intelligent. These dog characteristics can significantly enhance the lives of thousands of youth and adults, especially those with disabilities and/or those who live in continuing care facilities. There are approximately 20,000 service dogs in the U.S., which includes 10,000 guide dogs (American Humane Association 2012)

Though well known, the use of dogs, mainly German shepherds, is nothing short of life saving. Police dogs can be used to sniff out illegal drugs, or even find a missing person with only the scent of a bit of skin tissue or an object with the person’s scent on it. The dogs used to locate people are normally bloodhounds, who are well known for their sense of smell. Certain dogs can also be used in war. These dogs are used to locate bombs, deliver messages, and just provide moral support (Forman-Ortiz). It would be virtually impossible for police and investigators to help people like this on their own. Many breeds of dogs are also used as seeing eye dogs to help blind men and women get around. Without them, many blind people would have a much more difficult time getting around.

The practical application of the defence power in an age of terrorism is difficult to determine, as it is reliant upon a set of circumstances that can have a plethora of different interpretations from a range of variant perspectives. Unlike some other powers, the defence power is purposive and elastic; it waxes and wanes, and its application “depends upon the facts, and as those facts change so may its actual operation as a power”[1]. Recent developments, such as the Thomas case, have led some theorists to comment that “the elastic of the defence power has become stretched all out of proportion”[2]. In its present interpretation, the defence

As far as the law enforcement or a law enforcement dog the use of a dog is not considered a search even when in a airport for example sniffing luggage, bags, purses, briefcases, garbage(in a bag outside of a can ) example: United States Supreme Court CALIFORNIA v. GREENWOOD, (1988) No. 86-684, envelopes, because what the dog is doing, is “alerting” that something may be illegal

“A dogs sense of smell sometimes out perform X-Rays and CT scans at detecting cancers at an early stage by simply smelling a persons breath or urine.” Everyone is able to breed a dog to function in many different ways and for many different reasons. Mow explains how this is possible through his short movie Science of dogs. “Because of intensive selective breeding by cross breeding different breeds for different distinctive types of physical appearances and behavioral attributes; you will soon create the dog you were looking for and it will also have a consistency of creating the same breed of dog by creating a new genetic code in the dogs DNA”. For example there is one breed of dog that has the best sense of smell in the entire world and they were created for one job and one job only. Klim Sulimov explains what dog this is and how it was formed on the Science of Dogs, “The Sulimov dog has the best sense of smell in the whole entire world, and they were successfully created to identify explosives, he bred a Jackal with a Lapland Herding Hound, a Reindeer Herding Hound, a Fox Terrier, and a Spitz. Creating a dog that is highly trainable dog and a superior snout”. All these hybrid breeds are so successful because of how the dogs DNA is formed. The discovery of deciphering the dog genome was discovered by the Researchers at the National Institutes of Health on The Science of Dogs “Every piece of DNA is made up of four different chemical components

The 16 dogs in this unit are used for different purposes. They have Patrol dogs and sniffer dogs. These dogs are trained because of their superior sense of smell, and ability to search and find in impossible places. K9 Unit uses their sniffer dogs in arson, tracking, detecting of explosives and narcotics. Each dog is bred and used for their unique specialities, for example, they use a Labrador to sniff for explosives because they have a very good sense of smell. It is important that the

Critics of dogs in law enforcement are beginning to attempt to remove dogs from law enforcement and to have them replaced by machines, however dogs are better for the scent based jobs their noses are at least 25 times stronger than a humans, dogs

Macias Maximum Security (MMS) is a privately owned dual-certification canine service specializing in both patrol and detection capabilities. We are comprised of four facilities; two located in San Diego, California, two in Virginia Beach, Virginia and our headquarters building located in El Paso, Texas. We value the public-private relationship through the use of our canine services and capabilities, supporting airports and associated assets across the U.S. Our success supports the improving the level of efficiency in meeting Transportation Security Administration (TSA) objectives and requirements, lessen financial spending of taxpayer money, and the overall improvement in compliance and meeting TSA regulations, while sustaining the improvement of quality service and security for the public (Cellucci, 2010). Why does MMS invest highly in canine assets? As stated by TSA Administrator Hawley, the competence of canine supports the quickness and efficiency in explosive detection, as well as for their flexibility in searching cargo, and able to muster services at a moment’s notice (DHS, 2015). Within this report, we will elaborate the strong link in maintaining a strong, seamless public-private sector relationship while supporting TSA requirements. Our end-state supports the overall objective of the Transportation Systems Sector-Specific Plan in providing a “secure and resilient transportation system, enabling legitimate travelers and goods to move without significant disruption of commerce, undue fear of harm, or loss of civil liberties”

Not many people know that an average military canine saves anywhere from 600 to 1800 lives over their lifespan. Canine companions are absolutely vital to military operations all over the world because they can see and smell things that we humans cannot. " ‘If one dog finds one explosive, he’s saved at least 150 lives,’ says Navy Petty Officer 1st Class Ekali Brooks. ", an average bomb dog detects an average 20-25 bombs in their lifetime so that’s well over 2500 lives that are saved from having an explosive trained dog. One of the most important questions that is asked when selecting a dog for the job is, how do I know that this dog will be suited for my needs.

November 13, 2015, Paris and several other countries experienced simultaneous terrorist attacks on their soil. In the light of these events, countries have spent outrageous amount of money on increasing their security in the past. However, before the world goes and spends outrageous money on something that doesn’t work, let’s ask ourselves, do we really need more security ? The consequence of spending money in inefficient security is that it cripples the capital from other important things such as fixing the aging infrastructure. Security is suppose to make people safe, not make them just feel safe which is called security theater. A good example of a security that is inefficient and requires a lot of capital to run would be the TSA(Transportation Security Administration).

Security in America has evolved from the time of the first settlers to today’s well-trained forces. Factors leading to the significant growth of private security from pre-Civil War to post World War II consisted of a lack of public police and large monetary loss by private industry. Today, security is global and faces challenges and changes, with increases in terrorism and technology crimes. It must maintain a high level of professionalism and maintain technological innovation remain a respected industry.

The primary goal of the CBP Canine Program is terrorist detection and apprehension. The CBP Canine Program is critical to the mission of the Department of Homeland Security: "To Protect the Homeland." The program conducts the largest number of working dogs of any U.S. federal law enforcement agency. K-9 teams are assigned to 73 commercial ports and 74 Border Patrol stations throughout the nation.[4][5]

    Canines have been a part of law enforcement for over 100 years. Law enforcement officers train, care, and utilize service dogs to assist in criminal investigations. “They are the four-legged officers of the K-9 unit, and whether they are searching for missing children or sniffing out suspicious packages, they are part of a longstanding tradition that extends back thousands of years” (1). The first use of dogs started in Egypt and their task was to carry messages and guard army encampments. As time passed people noticed how beneficial they are and started using dogs for protection. Greeks, Persians, Babylonians, and Assyrians also started to use dogs for searching, rescuing and guarding. Romans and the Spanish conquistadors way of using dogs were for hunting, security, and war. The use of dogs made an impact that the British, German and American military forces also started the use of canines dogs. In March 1965 military dogs were approved to work in the Vietnam war. There was more than 500 dog teams deployed to ten bases by September 1966. “During the Vietnam War, American troops used dogs to clear caves and tunnels of the Vietcong, as well as to find booby traps and landmines” (2)  In 1970 the use of dogs took over law enforcement in America which includes a cadaver dog, bomb-detection dog, search-and-rescue dog, or enforcement dog.