Sludge Test Lab Report

The mixture might have contained more or less than 5 drops of bromophenol blue, which might have resulted in the indication of the lab.

In lab 1, to determine the liquid in the baby bottle, we found the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of distilled water and tap water and compared them to the liquid in the bottle. First, we examined the color. The color was clear in all three samples. The liquid in the baby bottle, unlike the other 2 samples, had a distinct odor. Then, we calculated the densities of the samples and found that the unknown liquid had a higher density than the two samples of water.

The goal of the experiment was to identify Unknown 33A and 33B. Unknown 33A was a white, crystalline solid that had a sweet cherry smell and Unknown 33B was a beige, yellowish color liquid that was translucent and had a viscosity similar to water. Also, the liquid was homogenous and smelled sour, similar to mildew.

This experiment combined all the knowledge of the previous labs performed throughout the semester. An unknown mixture containing an organic acid or base and an organic neutral compound in nearly equal amounts needs to be separated to its separate components. An understanding of solubility, extraction, crystallization and vacuum filtration is necessary in order to

To identify unknown “F” I ran a series of tests for a gram positive bacillus, which was the gram stain results for unknown “F”. The first test I performed was a spore forming stain. The test showed that unknown “F” did form green spores with a pink sporangium. The test after this was to see if unknown “F” was a strict anaerobe, which because it was growing in the lab that is filled with air I determined it was not. After this I performed a starch hydrolysis test.

The given purpose of this lab was to separate and identify the pure substances in the sludge, however, the lab had a larger purpose. In this lab, we used our newly-found knowledge of characteristic properties to fulfill the given purpose. It taught us how to use critical thinking and grit when faced with a challenge, and to use all of the tools that IPS this year has taught us. In a nutshell, characteristic properties are properties that will remain the same, no matter the volume of a given substance. Many scientists and students use these valuable properties to identify substances because the property will remain the same.

In the separating funnel, a heterogeneous mixture was formed: resulting in an organic layer (top) and a solvent layer (bottom). This effectively allowed the draining of the solvent, in order to isolate the organic layer, the impure ester (1-pentyl ethanoate)

In this lab, a mixture of three solids was separated to their individual components through decantation,

Discussion As part of the experiment, the percent composition of each component of the mixture was calculated. 51% of the components were retrieved from filtration while 49% of the solvents were retrieved from dissolving the components in a solvent. The original mixture was one globular solid-like structure.

Since the unknown powder was known to contain both an organic compound and an acid, we had to add aqueous sodium hydroxide in order to draw out the acid and its conjugate base into the aqueous layer. When the base was added to the separatory funnel, it attracted the acid and formed an immiscible aqueous layer under the liquid layer containing the organic compound. The funnel was shaken to draw out as much acid as possible, and the aqueous layer was withdrawn from the funnel. Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added a second time to pull out even more acid that may have remained in the organic layer, and was withdrawn as well. In hopes of drawing out any remaining acid from the organic layer, water, a polar substance, was added to the separatory funnel to form a final aqueous layer that was withdrawn and added to the previous

Different shades of dark gray, it is a powdery substance, and it sticks to the sides of the beaker

Sludge Lab Hypothesis - I comprehend that the mixture is a combination of alcohol with water & sand with iron filings, my reason for thinking this is i smelled the aroma of alcohol & i also thought that the alcohol must include a percentage of water molecules. I believe the insoluble compound is sand & iron filings, my reason for thinking this was i could physically see the substances and i used a magnet to tell that there's iron in it. Procedure I would first filter the liquids from the solids from the mixture the procedure is shown in figure 1. figure1.

This was done to separate the liquid from the crystals themselves. The beaker was twice rinsed with 50% ethanol and 10 mL water to make sure that there were no remaining crystals. The precipitate was left to dry, and an empty watch glass was measured (55.5671 grams) with the use of a scale. Once completely dry, as to avoid residual liquid from skewing the data, the precipitate was transferred onto the watch glass and measured once again. The final weight of the watch glass and the precipitate was 71.

20 µL carbon tetrachloride and 0.8mL methanol were rapidly injected into the sample solution & the mixture gently shaken for a few seconds. When the cloudy solution was formed, it was emulsified by an ultrasound for two minutes so as to force the extractant droplets to entirely disperse into the aqueous phase. Phase separation was then performed by applying rapid centrifugation for 5 minutes and 4000 revolutions per minute. 2 µL of the sediment was then injected into the

7. From these 'fractions' we get the oil products such as petrol, diesel oil and kerosene. Very few of the components that come out of the fractional distillation column are ready for market. They then have to be purified. Sometimes they are even changed chemically to produce other products, or perhaps the heavier oils are broken down and changed into more useful light oils.