Stars and Black Holes Essay

The existence of black holes was first theorized by John Mitchell in 1783. Mitchell accepted Newton’s laws of gravity and suggested that light escaping from the surface of a star would have its speed reduced due to the gravitation pull of the star, and therefore if a star’s gravitation pull was strong enough even light would not be able to escape.[1] Using the approximate speed of light he reasoned that if an object was approximately 500 times the mass of the sun light would not be able

This paper will introduce you to the incredible topic which is black holes. A black hole is a region of space time exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing can escape from inside it. (NASA) No human has ever entered a black hole and there is still a large mystery about them; we have very little idea of where the matter that enters them goes. A black hole cannot be looked into either, as it sucks all the light into the middle of it. Space programs use special satellites with certain features that allow them to see these black holes. A black hole can be big or small, sometimes forming when a star is dying. Some scientists speculate that there can be black holes just 1 centimeter large. There are multiple types of

At some point in the future when the hydrogen runs out, at that point the star will start to collapse itself under its own weight. It get denser, hotter until the point where it starts to use the helium atoms themselves as the fuel for the fusion. As the star begins to fuse helium, it creates more energy and that causes the outer layers of the star to start to expand. One day our sun will grow so large that it will swallow up the inner planets of our solar system. It will become a red giant, for the sun this will be the beginning of the end. Then they explode and become a supernova or for some biggggggggggeeeeerrr stars it would be a hypernova, which is waaaayyy stronger than a supernova; supernovas are some of the most beautiful sights in the universe. Lucky for us, our sun is too small to even explode and become a supernova. These explosion of stars are so powerful that it can outshine the whole galaxy during its explosion. For the

Common types of black holes are produced by certain dying stars. A star with a mass greater than 20 times the mass of our sun can produce a black hole at the end of its life. Black holes are usually only created by the death of a very massive star. When a very massive star dies, it explodes into a supernova. The outer parts of the star are launched violently into space while the core completely collapses under its own weight. If the core remaining after the giant explosion from the supernova is very massive, there

The Low mass stars spend there main life as a fusion machine which turns hydrogen into helium and a very slow and methodical pace. When the energy released by this fusion reaches the surface it is released into space and this is the star luminosity. Over a long, long time sometimes billions of years a low mass star consumes the hydrogen in its core and converts it to helium, at which point the core starts to contract and shrink. Once all of the hydrogen inside the stars core begins to become totally exhausted, the core pressure gives way to the crush of gravity because it has no more fusion occurring in its core at that time. As the core shrinks rapidly and the outer layers start to expand the stars shape begins to grow in size and its luminosity becomes extraordinary brighter due to the outer shell starting to produce fusion more rapidly then the core did during the main sequence life of the star. As this situation grows more rapidly and extreme the core starts to rapidly burn again and fuse its core helium into carbon. Then just before its final death the star ejects its outer layers into space. This leaves only the degenerate carbon core and since this core is still very hot it emits intensely powerful ultraviolet radiation and glows brightly in what is known as a planetary nebula. The nebula fades and cools over around a million or so years and we are left with a white dwarf cooling indefinitely till

In this stage, it spent time to fuse from hydrogen to helium in the core of star. When hydrogen starts to run out, the core starts to contract and becomes unstable. The outer shell starts to cool down and turns red since the outer shell is mostly hydrogen. The Sun is the main sequence and the stars in the main sequence can be classified into spectral types with each class. Each spectral type are divided into several sub-division such as A0 being the most hottest stars and A9 being the least hottest stars of group A. Similarly, M, K, G, F, A, B and O spectral classes are used to classify each star. G-type star is the Sun, which is the main sequence. O type is the most complex molecule observed in the interstellar medium. M spectral type is the most abundant in our galaxy. As, the stars were arranged by color from blue-white to red that is spectral type B through M. The arrangement was also performed in luminosity where hottest stars were more luminous than the cooler stars. The hottest stars are blue in color that is very rare and coolest star are red in color that is

At the end of the sun's life it will tar into a redgin star in a billion of years. The sun will throw off its over layers and become a plantery newborn. All that will be left of the sun is a cooling white dwan star. Nasa is learning black holes using spacecraft like the x-ray obvertory. They are also using ferm; grammarly ray space telescope (Dunbar). Black hole is a different kind of supernova. Black holes are hotter than stars. The center of a black hole is dense but not as hug itself. A black hole can be 2,000,000 times smaller than are sun. We can not observe black holes directly, but can be detected. Speed of light galaxies are have 20 billion solar masses. Univer stars gravitational field materact. Stars, light years, supernovas, and light bursts in the univers. The mass of the earth is 2,000,000 times smaller than the sun and can fit in your palm. Supermassive black holes culrk in the centers of the galaxies. The stares can become mostly iron, most stars elements in the universe. There may be camofluge black holes in are milkyway galaxy. Black holes are made by collapsed stars. Supermassive black holes might tie at many galaxies. A young star burns hydrogen at its core.

A blackhole occurs when a giant or supergiant start dies. But before the star dies their is a fusion reaction going on constantly throughout its life time. This fusion reaction can be di erent from star to star ff depending on its age. For a young star the reaction is a proton to proton fusion, a middle aged star can have a carbon reaction and a much older star, which is collapsing on itself has a helium fusion reaction. Once a star has finished reacting all of the helium it has the core begins to 'eat' it's self instead of the helium. This makes the core have a stronger and stronger gravitational pull. After the core has 'eaten or suck up everything into its fusion reaction it collapses due to so much compressed mass in a small space which forms a giant explosion creating a supernova which then turns into a singularity. Thus

Type I supernova: star accumulates matter from a nearby neighbour until a runaway nuclear reaction ignites.

“As the protostar radiates, it shrinks in size to generate the energy that replaces the radiated energy”. In turn, a balance is formed between cold temperatures and high densities, meaning that the star will have to generate heat proportional to the amount of dense particles within the star. Additionally, the more dense a nebula is, the faster it will form; and over time, the core heat of a protostar will will begin to approach 10 million degrees Kelvin, forming the perfect conditions for this

In most cases a star will move into the planetary nebula phase, as an expanding, glowing shell of hot gas also known as plasma. This happens from a low-mass star in the end of their red giant phase, becoming unstable. The exterior layer drifts away from it’s core, which is now consider a white dwarf star, due to stellar winds. If the dying star have a mass of over 8 suns, it will become a supernova. Just like a planetary nebula, the cause of it is when a star runs out of nuclear fuel. From the massive star’s lack of outward pressure to balance its inward gravity, the star collapses into the core expelling a nuclear explosion. Also like the nebula, gas and dusts are scattered around space that will be used for the birth of future stars. At this point, the former supergiant is either a neutron star or a black

They are scattered throughout the galaxies. A stellar black hole is the product of the death of a giant star such as a pulsar or a neutron star. Black holes in general are very rare because most stars are not massive enough to create them. When a star stops producing fusion energy, the equilibrium of the star no longer exists. Without the star producing any fuel, there is no pressure created that can hold the star in place. The pressure that a star creates is used to prevent the gravity from crushing the core. Now that there is no pressure pushing outward, the gravity becomes so violent that it crushes matter to the point that it is completely destroyed. At this point, black holes are born. Black holes are created in rare occasions. During the death of most stars, they slowly dim out or explode into trillions of microscopic particles. For example, the sun, which is a red dwarf, will slowly die out. Eta Carinae on the other hand, located 8,000 light years away from Earth, is likely to explode within the next several hundred thousand

Stellar Black Holes: It is consisted when the middle of a very massive star collapses on itself. This collapse also causes a supernova that explode a part of the star into space. (Mathew,2012)

Scientists aren't certain of how supermassive black holes are created. It could be because hundreds or thousands of tiny black holes merge together, large gas clouds could also be responsible, collapsing together. A third option is a group of stars all collapsing together. Once supermassive black holes have formed, they gather dust and gas from around them, causing them to grow even bigger.

Main sequence stars like our own sun enduring in a state of nuclear fusion during which they will produce energy for billions of years by replacing hydrogen to helium. Stars change over billions of years. When their main sequence phase ends they pass through other states of existence according to their size and other characteristics. The larger a star's mass, the shorter its lifespan is. As stars move toward the end of their lives, much of their hydrogen will be converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core and raises the star's temperature—causing its outer shell to expand. These large, puffy stars are known as Red Giants. The red giant phase is actually a prelude to a star shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body called a White Dwarf. White dwarfs cool down for billions and billions of years, until they finally go dark and produce no energy at all. Once this happens, scientists have yet to observe, such stars become known as Black Dwarfs. A few stars avoid this evolutionary path and instead go out with a bang, exploding as Supernovae. These violent explosions leave behind a small core that will then turn into something called a Neutron Star or even, if the remainder is large enough, it is then turned into something called a Black Hole.