Synaptic Transmissions

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.Sypnaptic transmission is the method in which obe nerve cell communicate to another nerve cell .The communication between nerve cells is done by branching or processing the nerve cell singnals that are passed by t have e nerve cell body or "soma", dentristes, and electrical axon or chemical signals

|  These are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another neuron. Most neurotransmitters are about the size of larger proteins or peptides.

The overall goal of my research is to better understand the roles that fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), specifically epidermal-FABP (FAPB5) and brain-FABP (FABP7), play within regulating the endocannabinoid system and to understand the role of FABP in addiction. The endocannabinoid system is linked with the rewarding effects of abused drugs. Central to the endocannabinoid system is the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), which is expressed ubiquitously throughout the brain. Within the brain reward circuit, activation of CB1Rs regulates the strength and plasticity of glutamate and GABA synapses. Specifically, dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a critical role in reward

Synaptic transmission (i.e. the process of information transfer at a synapse) may be accomplished in two distinguished manners: electrically and chemically. Chemical synapses are the most prevalent synapses in the human nervous system. Both their synaptic cleft, which is approximately 20-50 nm wide, and the

A naturally endocannabinoid in our bodies is called anandamide, which in Sanskrit means “a blissful amide” and is also found in other species including birds, reptiles and fish. Since our bodies produce their own form of “natural THC”, however tiny the amount, it is logical that humans are so drawn to marijuana’s herb! Both THC and anandamide produce their effects through lipid receptors, known as cannabinoid receptors, located on the cell surface throughout our bodies and have similar effects on our experience such as pain, appetite and memory. Cannabinoid receptors are the proteins that sit in the cell membrane and function like gate keepers, controlling which messages from outside the cell to shut down and which to let in. When THC binds

Synaptic transmission involves release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cell diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft and binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic cells. It ends while the neurotransmitter dissociates from the receptor and it is removed from the synaptic cleft

A synapse is a small space at the end of a neuron. The synapses purpose is to pass information from one neuron to another. Synapses are composed of three parts; the presynaptic end that contains neurotransmitters, the synaptic cleft between two nerve cells and the postsynaptic ending that contains receptors.

In normal neuron communication a bioelectric current goes from the presynaptic knob to the postsynaptic knob. When the bioelectric current reaches the vesicles in the presynaptic knob the vesicles release neurotransmitters. Some of the neurotransmitters, that are now in the synaptic cleft, bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. After some of the neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic neuron and the biolectric current has reached the postsynaptic neuron the neurotransmitters go back to the presynaptic neuron. However,

For centuries, the active components (i.e. cannabinoids) of Cannabis sativa (the “marijuana” plant) have been used for medicinal and recreational purposes, primarily due to their ability to regulate various neurobehavioral processes such as memory and cognition, mood, appetite, and sleep [1]. Cannabinoids are highly lipophilic molecules and can be classified as either exogenous, those extracted from the Cannabis sativa plant or synthetically made in the laboratory, or endogenous (Figure 1). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most studied exogenous cannabinoids. Δ9-THC, which was isolated in 1964, is the major psychoactive and immunoregulatory component in marijuana and has a characteristic of being immunosuppressive on immune cells at peripheral sites and within the central nervous system (CNS). There have also been synthetic exogenous cannabinoids widely used in research that include CP55940, WIN55212-2, SR141716A, and SR144528. Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) are found natively in vertebrate systems.

The neurotransmitter appends to a particular site on the receiving neurone , called a receptor . The neurotransmitter and its receptor operate as " lock and key" , forming a highly specific mechanism that ensures that each receiver sends the appropriate message only after interacting with the right kind of neurotransmitter.Situated on the neurone that discharges the neurotransmitter , transporters reuse these neurotransmitters (i.e. , take them back to the neurone that discharged ) , in this manner turning off the signal between

The concept of ‘multi-partite synapses’ (illustrated schematically in Fig. 5), which evolved over a decade ago, states that complex multi-directional relationship exists among the distinct components of synapses in the CNS. The ECM, present in the synaptic cleft and also, extending extra-synaptically, features prominently alongside the presynaptic terminal, the postsynaptic cell, and the perisynaptic process of astrocyte and that of neighboring microglia cells which periodically makes contact with the synaptic structure (Verkhratsky and Nedergaard,

 Myelination is the formation of fatty substance around the axons of the neurons. This is what helps speed up the electrical pulses therefore speeding up the transmission of the messages and information shared between the pair of neurons.

The effect ofcannabis can be explained on the basis of the function of the cannabinoid receptor system, which consists of CB receptors (CB1, CB2), endoligands to activate these receptors and an enzyme--fatty acid amidohydrolase--to metabolize the endoligands. The endoligands of the cannabinoid receptor system are arachidonic acid-like substances, and are called endocannabinoids. Indications exist that the body also contains arachidonic acid-like substances that inhibit fatty acid amido hydrolase. Various cannabinoids have diverse effects on the receptors, functioning as agonists, antagonists or partial antagonists, as well as affecting the vanilloid receptor. Many known effects ofcannabis can be explained on the basis of this mechanism of action

Many regions of the brain contain cannabinoid receptors, of which anandamide molecules, concerned with regulating mood, appetite and emotions, naturally bind to. Cannabis contains an active ingredient known as ‘delta-9-tetrahydrocannabonic’ (THC), and when smoked or eaten, the THC imitates the activity of anandamide by binding to cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells, and therefore influences

In our brain daily functions, the neurons transmit messages from one and other in the form of neurotransmitters, a chemical reaction