The Depth of Misunderstanding
Consider the depth of the misunderstanding in the following quote from “Critical Thinking, Second Edition,” by Richard Paul and Linda Elder
Assumption: An assumption is something we take for granted or presuppose. Usually it is something we previously learned and do not question. It is part of our system of beliefs. We assume our beliefs to be true and use them to interpret the world about us. . . .
If our belief is a sound one, our assumption is sound. If our belief is not sound, our assumption is not sound. Beliefs, and hence assumptions, can be unjustified or justified, depending upon whether we do or do not have good reasons for them.
This statement from “Critical Thinking, Second Edition” isn’t rational.
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Keep in mind that this is a dedicated brother in Christ. This isn’t an enemy, but a fellow servant of King Jesus.
When intellectuals throw around these kinds of phrases, it takes time to untangle the statements. It takes effort to know what’s being said. Let’s break down these two statements into normal English. We’ll unscramble this into a simple statement down the page. First, let’s understand these phrases from this Christian intellectual:
• “It makes sense” o If something makes sense, it’s rational or reasonable. o To be rational is to be sane.
• “Axioms are presuppositions assumed true.” o They’re unknown things (made-up) that are called “true” without proof that they’re true.
• “from which theorems are deduced” o When something is deduced, that means deductive reasoning has been used. o Sound deductive reasoning cannot be based on made-up stuff. It requires a premise that’s known to be true. o A theorem is a statement that’s been proved by sound deductive reasoning. o Yet this Christian intellectual said that sound deductive reasoning can be based on made-up stuff.
What’s this Christian intellectual saying? We can already see the internal conflicts. The thinking is very deceptive and clever. Not that this man is trying to deceive. That’s not his intent at all. Yet the natural human mind in each of us deceives us from time to time. It takes a bit of work to sort through the nonsense. The statement says that axioms (made-up things) are used as the
“Christian theology is a theology of liberation. It is a rational study of the being of God in
available in our on-line collection associated with Critical Thinking 10th Edition Moore And Parker Pdf
The latter places one human life above any victory; while the former would sacrifice hundreds and thousands of lives to the ambition of one”(Worship the Spirit of Criticism 17). Meaning that there are positive ways that the creation might have an effect on society and negative ways, depending on who the individual is. Yet still have the responsibility to own up to the creation. His whole speech focuses on the fact that it’s the person's job to figure out if what they make will help society or not. And all the efforts this certain individual has taken, all the dedication this person has put into his work should be responsible for their creation, if it has a bad or good outcome in the world, they should still take responsibility for what they had
We make assumptions because we need explanations (to our questions) to address what’s going on in our own minds. The mind is a powerful thing and our minds have different voices and personality that can create a lot of confusion. When I make assumptions there is always conflict that follows. I know now that through communication we can arrive to resolution. This agreement rings true for me and has caused disappointment and sadness in my life to be at a point in my life that I can ask for what I want.
and can use this reason to find truth. We can doubt these "truths" as Descartes
I will protect him and keep him in company, do not worry. Excitement fills my body as I think about my first upcoming battle, it might sound sinful. But I am thrilled. I pray that God will forgive me as I will probably take a few lives while fighting. I do feel a sense of guilt and confrontation as I am meant to take the lives of my fellow brothers. If only they hadn’t rebel. I find this new experience exhilarating, but. My heads seems to spin at the thought of dying. I would be lying if I said I wasn’t afraid, because, I fear the pain of
What does this passage mean to you? (You do not need to use textual evidence in this response. Make sure to RESTATE the question and respond to it completely). Answer :
or gods, and that the lack of such a supernatural being results in a lack of morality. This then lends an
What are cultural assumptions? Cultural assumptions are defined as assumptions that are commonly known throughout a culture. These assumptions are highly relevant in the modern society we live in. It doesn’t matter who you are or where you come from, you will always have your own assumptions. Literature plays a key part in what kind of assumptions we will have, right from the age we begin to process information in our minds. This leads me to the assumption that has stuck with us since our childhood days. Stepmothers. There is a strong cultural assumption that stepmothers are ‘evil’ people, who force their way into other families and are malicious to their stepchildren. Assumptions like this influence our perceptions and lead
The rise of literacy towards the end of the Middle Ages brought with it a torrent of individuals ready to think fro themselves and formulate their own theories and ideas regarding God and the Christian faith. For a long time, the church held a near monopoly on literacy and used this to maintain control over people’s lives and beliefs. While some of these new intellectuals created ideas that would forever change the way people envision themselves and their relation to God and the universe, some simply patched together tidbits of ideas that were not born out of deep philosophical inquiry, but had more of an instinctive type of logical grounding. This was the line of thinking that made up Domenico
Another instance we see the Christian belief system is in the hook when BJ The Chicago Kid says “Faith/ All you need is the size of a mustard seed. ”2 In the Book of Matthew in the Bible, there is a parable of Jesus casting out a demon and his disciples asking
Christianity, however, introduced a dilemma into Greek and Roman philosophies that were primarily based on skeptical principles. In many ways, the philosophy of Christianity, which insisted on an absolute knowledge of the divine and of ethics, did not fit the Greek and Roman skeptical emphasis on probable knowledge. Paul of Tarsus, one of the original founders of Christianity, answered this question simply: the knowledge of the Romans and Greeks, that is, human knowledge, is the knowledge of fools. Knowledge that rejects human reasoning, which, after all, leads to skepticism, is the knowledge of the wise. Christianity at its inception, then, had a strong anti-rational perspective. This did not, however, make the skeptical problem go away. Much of the history of early Christian philosophy is an attempt to paste Greek and Roman philosophical methods and questions onto
Presume; verb; suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability; to assume with some evidence; When the girl arrived at her new school, she presumed about everything, as it was just like every other high school. She presumed that this is were all the cool kids sat, judging by it being the best spot in the cafeteria. Based on their calculators, she presumed those were the nerds. In gym class, she could tell who were the superior versus the scrawny and week, just by looking at attitudes. She presumed that whoever she decided to hang with would create a label for her.
"When the question is asked, what we are to believe in regard to religion, it is not necessary to probe into the nature of things, as was done by the Greek scientists. We need not be alarmed should the Christian not know the number of elements; the motion of the heavenly bodies; the shape of the cosmos; the species of animals and plants; the nature of stones, rivers, and mountains; about time and distance; the signs of coming storms; or about a thousand other things which these scientists have either found out, or think they have found out.
(2) (a) We disagree with Catmull’s conclusion in the above quote. We believe it is an overgeneralization and exemplifies the Fundamental Attribution Error.