In the Early Modern Period places such as Russia, the Ottoman Empire, China, and the Mughal Empire all underwent changes within their own culture. Even though these places went through economic, territorial, and agriculture changes only Russia decides to adopt a Westernize philosophy for their country.
Russia welcomes the idea of westernization on the premise of Peter the Great seeking Western allies for crusades against Europe. Characteristics of Westernization include having a strong navy, a bureaucratic government, strong interest in science and technology, and luxury items that were imported from the West. Due to the small amount of the middle class citizens, Russia’s westernization was led by their government. Even though, Russia was
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Although, they are trying to expand territory to govern diverse peoples. The Mughal Empire’s weak leadership and religiously intolerance impeded their development as an Empire. Ultimately, their lack of leadership led the British East India company to adopt a great deal of land in India. This also led to Mughal India becoming a British colony. The state of Mughal India at the end of the modern period is extinct because they decided to colonize with Britain.
China rejects the idea of westernization because they would rather become isolated as a country, than adapting to Western ideas. This ideology stems from the fact China believes that they have the most dominant empire in the world. China is impeded by no technological advances, culture favored traditional styles, influx of silver caused income to be unequal, population growth produced massive poverty. By the end of the Early Modern period China is gradually weaken. This is because the lack of advancement technologically and influx of people in their country. Additionally, this lead to the demise of the Chinese Empire.
As examined above, most Empire in the Early Modern Period were not keen on the idea of Westernization because it degrades the values and culture exhibited by their own
The non-Western societies responded to the West’s power differently, during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.When the industrialization train rolled into other societies, they greeted it with open arms. They would try to preserve the old ways, or sought out to modernize on their own. Some were too weak to adjust on their own terms.
Finally, Peter the Great reformed Russia by reorganizing the country’s economic structure and altering the social scene to mirror Western culture. Historically, Russia was an agricultural country whose tiny middle class took on the tax burdens of the exempt nobility. After traveling abroad, Peter the Great saw the need for internal reform, wanting to apply ideas of western mercantilism to stimulate economic growth by developing industry and commerce. For “When Russian
During the late seventeenth century under the leadership of Peter the Great, Russia underwent a period of modernization and westernization due to Peter’s reforms. However, without the reforms he instituted, Russia would have remained the most culturally unevolved country in Europe for quite a long time.
Though it may sound heartless and selfish, the needs and aims of countries usually are the primary factor controlling their foreign relations. During the period of the czars, from 1547 to 1917, Russia’s need for land and modernization shaped its relationships with Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire, causing Russia’s leaders to respect and imitate Western Europe while competing with the European powers to fill the power vacuum of the failing Ottoman Empire.
Lars Brownworth took the pleasure of writing the novel “Lost to the West.” Where within this he elaborates on a period of history that is seamlessly ignored in history. Courses instructing this discipline habitually over look the ‘new’ Rome deeming it insignificant. Brownworth’s dominant emphasis is too merely educate his readers on this gap in history. Which he does commendably however; his interpretations are not ineludibly bipartisan and quite candidly that leads to the book to be less successful in its purpose. These biases include: subjectively identifying other nations, glorifying his obviously favorite emperors and villain-zing his less favorite. While his approach is chronologically adequate he plagues his book by not only the previously stated biases, but creating the book too brief, and having to decide what information is substantial to retain; which he decides.
The New Western Historians such as Patricia Nelson, William Cronon, Donald Worster, Walter Webb and Walter Nugent have different views of the West. They believe the West is not a process and not a place that civilization took a place. The West is the place that like other regions such as the South, the Midwest we can set no boundaries. As Patricia Nelson mentioned, “recognized the history of the West is a study of a place undergoing conquest and never fully escaping its consequences” (Patricia Nelson, p. 8). The West as a place instead of process explains the migratory. Immigration could never have been explained by calling the West as a process or the frontier. Patricia Limerick sees the West as another chapter in Europe’s enlargement
Western Europe was Democratic Republicans while Russia was ruled by communism. The difference this made was large. Russia being ruled different then Europe made them think and live differently,
The Western world originated in Europe with Christianity but quickly spread across the whole western side of the world including many races and religions. The west is said to value widespread employment, free thought, equality, assimilation for human rights, and democracy. The European culture grew with an all inclusive ethos and strived to influence other cultures around the world.
Forbidden love, hidden guilt, mischievous characters, and stringent religious beliefs are strong themes in the Puritan community. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, a young wife restarts her life, without her older husband, in Boston. Eventually she falls in love with a man, and they conceive a child together. However since she’s already married the conception is labeled as Adultery. For her sin, Hester must wear a Scarlet Letter on her chest, for all to see that she is an Adulterer. In an unfortunate turn of events, her husband returns, determined to take revenge on her lover. Now she not only must keep her lover’s identity a secret, but her husband's identity as well.
Previously, during the Early Middle Ages (500-1350), Western Europe went through a time of Feudalism and Manorialism, and many political, economic, social, and several other, changes were made. Then, during the Late Middle Ages (1300-1600), Western Europe was truly starting to form and become its own territory. At the same time, Eastern European Russia was just beginning to form, and it soon became one of the top civilizations. These two European territories were similar and different. First, England and Russia had their similarities and differences politically.
Westernization, which primarily spread in the mid to late 19th century, brought forth a profound change of ideas and cultures across the world. Both Japan and India were affected greatly as Western practices and ideologies seeped into the minds of individuals throughout various societies. Influential individuals, such as Thomas Babington Macaulay and Fukuzawa Yukichi wished to reform India and Japan by introducing Western ideas into these countries. Artists such as Honda Kinkachiro and Werner Forman showed the effects of Westernization on Japan. Through the writings and artwork of Macaulay, Yukichi, Kinkachiro, and Forman, we are able to understand that Europe’s colonizing mentality, as well as Asia’s acceptance of new ideas, were both supported by the belief that the West is superior.
Western culture and policies have shaped the modern world, especially the Middle East, in many ways. Since the sixteenth century, the nations of Western civilization have been the driving wheels of modernization. Globalization is simply the spread of modern institutions and ideas from one high power to the wider world. Technological innovation and economic growth along with such concepts as democracy, individualism, and the rule of law administered by an impartial judiciary, set Western societies above and beyond any possible rival. Other cultures looked to the West as a model, a threat, or some combination of both. One country that was most successful in their confrontations with Western states was Japan, who incorporated Western
In Samuel P. Huntington’s article “The West: Unique, Not Universal,” he addresses his audience with a very controversial question: Is Western Culture universal or unique? Huntington elaborately opens up this question with research and examples to explain and persuade readers that the West will never be a universal culture for all, but rather a unique culture that will be accepted by those who appreciate it. For decades now, historians and scholars have debated with one another to determine who is right and wrong. However, from a handful of articles from different scholars, Samuel Huntington’s statement that the West is unique rather than universal is supported and even further elaborated on by these particular sources. A common understanding between all the sources, that must be noted, is that a civilization’s culture is not comprised of material goods but rather their culmination of their religion(s), values, language(s) and traditions. While although there are scholars out their that negate the West is unique, a large amount of scholars still argue and strengthen Huntington’s argument that the West has unique and exclusive characteristics that make them distinctive and rare.
Secondly, Westernization Movement reformed fewer things than and Meiji Restoration. The Meiji revolution took innovative measures related to national systems, social culture, industrial technology, education, military, transportation, justice, religion, etc., covering almost every corner of the country. The main items of the Westernization Movement involved only ordnance, shipbuilding, iron making and translation.
First, I agree that the Western civilization has a clear lineage that focuses on the majority of the following attributes: competition/innovation, science, property rights, personal freedoms, and a free-market economy. Ferguson (2014) points out that competition, property oriented government and science are some of the unique attributes that enabled the West rise to power. As a result of competition, the western people became more innovative and business-oriented, thus, making them aggressive in areas